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under heavy guard

  • 1 under heavy guard

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > under heavy guard

  • 2 keep under heavy guard

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > keep under heavy guard

  • 3 guard

    1. noun
    1) (Mil.): (guardsman) Wachtposten, der
    2) no pl. (Mil.): (group of soldiers) Wache, die; Wachmannschaft, die

    guard of honour — Ehrenwache, die; Ehrengarde, die

    3)

    Guards — (Brit. Mil.): (household troops) Garderegiment, das; Garde, die

    4) (watch; also Mil.) Wache, die

    keep or stand guard — Wache halten od. stehen

    keep or stand guard over — bewachen

    be on [one's] guard [against somebody/something] — (lit. or fig.) sich [vor jemandem/etwas] hüten

    be off [one's] guard — (fig.) nicht auf der Hut sein

    be caught or taken off guard or off one's guard [by something] — (fig.) [von etwas] überrascht werden

    put somebody on [his/her] guard — jemanden misstrauisch machen

    be [kept/held] under guard — unter Bewachung stehen

    keep or hold/put under guard — bewachen/unter Bewachung stellen

    5) (Brit. Railw.) [Zug]schaffner, der/-schaffnerin, die
    6) (Amer.): (prison warder) [Gefängnis]wärter, der/-wärterin, die
    7) (safety device) Schutz, der; Schutzvorrichtung, die; (worn on body) Schutz, der
    8) (posture) (Boxing, Fencing) Deckung, die

    drop or lower one's guard — die Deckung fallen lassen; (fig.) seine Reserve aufgeben

    2. transitive verb
    (watch over) bewachen; (keep safe) hüten [Geheimnis, Schatz]; schützen [Leben]; beschützen [Prominenten]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/87612/guard_against">guard against
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to protect from danger or attack: The soldiers were guarding the king/palace.) bewachen
    2) (to prevent (a person) escaping, (something) happening: The soldiers guarded their prisoners; to guard against mistakes.) bewachen, sich hüten
    2. noun
    1) (someone who or something which protects: a guard round the king; a guard in front of the fire.) die Wache
    2) (someone whose job is to prevent (a person) escaping: There was a guard with the prisoner every hour of the day.) der Wächter
    3) ((American conductor) a person in charge of a train.) der Schaffner
    4) (the act or duty of guarding.) die Bewachung
    •
    - guarded
    - guardedly
    - guard of honour
    - keep guard on
    - keep guard
    - off guard
    - on guard
    - stand guard
    * * *
    [gɑ:d, AM gɑ:rd]
    I. n
    1. (person) Wache f; (sentry) Wachposten m
    border \guard Grenzsoldat(in) m(f), Grenzposten m
    gate \guard Wachposten m
    prison \guard AM Gefängniswärter(in) m(f), Gefängnisaufseher(in) m(f)
    security \guard Sicherheitsbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f; (man also) Wachmann m
    to be on [or keep] [or stand] \guard Wache halten [o stehen]
    to be under \guard unter Bewachung stehen, bewacht werden
    to keep \guard over sth/sb etw/jdn bewachen
    to post \guards Wachen aufstellen
    2. (defensive stance) Deckung f
    to be on one's \guard [against sth/sb] ( fig) [vor etw/jdm] auf der Hut sein, sich akk [vor etw/jdm] in Acht nehmen
    to be caught off one's \guard SPORT [von einem Schlag] unvorbereitet getroffen werden; ( fig) auf etw akk nicht vorbereitet [o gefasst] sein
    to drop [or lower] one's \guard SPORT seine Deckung vernachlässigen; ( fig) nicht [mehr] wachsam [o vorsichtig] [genug] sein
    to get in under sb's \guard SPORT jds Deckung durchbrechen; ( fig) jds Verteidigung außer Gefecht setzen; (get through to sb) jds Panzer durchdringen
    to let one's \guard slip SPORT seine Deckung fallenlassen; ( fig) alle Vorsicht außer Acht lassen
    3. (protective device) Schutz m, Schutzvorrichtung f
    face\guard Gesichtsschutz m
    fire\guard Kamingitter nt, Cheminéegitter nt SCHWEIZ, Schutzgitter nt
    4. BRIT (railway official) Zugbegleiter(in) m(f)
    chief \guard Zugführer(in) m(f)
    5. BRIT MIL (army regiment)
    ▪ the G\guards pl das Garderegiment, die Garde
    the Grenadier G\guards die Grenadiergarde
    II. vt
    ▪ to \guard sth/sb etw/jdn bewachen
    heavily \guarded scharf bewacht; (protect)
    ▪ to \guard sth/sb against sth/sb etw/jdn vor etw/jdm [be]schützen
    2. (keep secret)
    ▪ to \guard sth etw für sich akk behalten, etw nicht preisgeben
    a jealously [or closely] \guarded secret ein sorgsam gehütetes Geheimnis
    III. vi
    ▪ to \guard against sth sich akk vor etw dat schützen
    the best way to \guard against financial problems is to avoid getting into debt man schützt sich am besten vor finanziellen Problemen, indem man Schulden vermeidet
    * * *
    [gAːd]
    1. n
    1) (MIL) Wache f; (= single soldier) Wachtposten m, Wache f; (no pl = squad) Wachmannschaft f

    the Guards (Brit) — die Garde, das Garderegiment

    2) (= security guard) Sicherheitsbeamte(r) m/-beamtin f; (at factory gates, in park etc) Wächter(in) m(f); (esp US = prison guard) Gefängniswärter(in) m(f); (Brit RAIL) Schaffner(in) m(f), Zugbegleiter(in) m(f)
    3) (= watch ALSO MIL) Wache f

    to be under guard — bewacht werden; (person also) unter Bewachung or Aufsicht stehen

    to keep sb/sth under guard — jdn/etw bewachen

    to be on guard, to stand or keep guard — Wache halten or stehen

    to put a guard on sb/sth — jdn/etw bewachen lassen

    4) (BOXING, FENCING) Deckung f

    on guard! (Fencing) — en garde!

    to take guard — in Verteidigungsstellung gehen; (Cricket) in Schlagstellung gehen

    to drop or lower one's guard (lit) — seine Deckung vernachlässigen; (fig) seine Reserve aufgeben

    to have one's guard down (lit) — nicht gedeckt sein; (fig) nicht auf der Hut sein

    he caught his opponent off ( his) guard — er hat seinen Gegner mit einem Schlag erwischt, auf den er nicht vorbereitet or gefasst war

    the invitation caught me off guard —

    I was off ( my) guard when he mentioned that — ich war nicht darauf gefasst or vorbereitet, dass er das erwähnen würde

    to be on/off one's guard (against sth) (fig) ( — vor etw dat ) auf der/nicht auf der Hut sein

    to throw or put sb off his guard (lit) — jdn seine Deckung vernachlässigen lassen; (fig) jdn einlullen

    5) (= safety device, for protection) Schutz m (against gegen); (on machinery) Schutz(vorrichtung f) m; (= fire guard) Schutzgitter nt; (on foil) Glocke f; (on sword etc) Korb m
    6) (in basketball) Verteidigungsspieler(in) m(f)
    2. vt
    prisoner, place, valuables bewachen; treasure, secret, tongue hüten; machinery beaufsichtigen; luggage aufpassen auf (+acc); (= protect) (lit) person, place schützen (from, against vor +dat), abschirmen (from, against gegen); one's life schützen; one's reputation achten auf (+acc); (fig) child etc behüten, beschützen (from, against vor +dat)

    a closely guarded secret — ein gut or streng gehütetes Geheimnis

    * * *
    guard [ɡɑː(r)d]
    A v/t
    1. a) bewachen, wachen über (akk)
    b) behüten, beschützen ( beide:
    against, from vor dat):
    a carefully (closely) guarded secret ein sorgfältig (streng) gehütetes Geheimnis
    2. bewachen, beaufsichtigen
    3. sichern ( against gegen Missbrauch etc):
    guard sb’s interests jemandes Interessen wahren oder wahrnehmen
    4. beherrschen, im Zaum halten:
    guard your tongue! hüte deine Zunge!
    5. TECH (ab)sichern
    B v/i (against)
    a) auf der Hut sein, sich hüten oder schützen, sich in Acht nehmen (vor dat)
    b) Vorkehrungen treffen (gegen), vorbeugen (dat)
    C s
    1. a) MIL etc Wache f, (Wach)Posten m
    b) Wächter(in)
    c) Aufseher(in), Wärter(in)
    2. MIL Wachmannschaft f, Wache f
    3. Wache f, Bewachung f, Aufsicht f:
    be on guard Wache stehen;
    keep under close guard scharf bewachen;
    keep guard over sth etwas bewachen;
    be under heavy guard schwer bewacht werden;
    mount (keep, stand) guard MIL etc Wache beziehen (halten, stehen)
    4. fig Wachsamkeit f:
    put sb on their guard jemanden warnen;
    be on one’s guard auf der Hut sein, sich vorsehen ( beide:
    against vor dat);
    be off one’s guard nicht auf der Hut sein, unvorsichtig sein;
    throw sb off their guard jemanden überrumpeln; → fair1 B 9
    5. Garde f, (Leib)Wache f:
    guard of hono(u)r Ehrenwache
    6. Guards pl Br Garde(korps) f(n), -regiment n, (die) Wache
    7. BAHN
    a) Br Schaffner(in):
    guard’s van Dienstwagen m
    b) US Bahnwärter(in)
    8. Boxen, Fechten etc: Deckung f:
    lower one’s guard
    a) die Deckung herunternehmen,
    b) fig sich eine Blöße geben, nicht aufpassen;
    his guard is up (down) fig er ist (nicht) auf der Hut
    9. Basketball: Abwehrspieler(in)
    10. Schutzvorrichtung f, -gitter n, -blech n
    11. Buchbinderei: Falz m
    12. a) Stichblatt n (am Degen)
    b) Bügel m (am Gewehr)
    13. Vorsichtsmaßnahme f, Sicherung f
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (Mil.): (guardsman) Wachtposten, der
    2) no pl. (Mil.): (group of soldiers) Wache, die; Wachmannschaft, die

    guard of honour — Ehrenwache, die; Ehrengarde, die

    3)

    Guards — (Brit. Mil.): (household troops) Garderegiment, das; Garde, die

    4) (watch; also Mil.) Wache, die

    keep or stand guard — Wache halten od. stehen

    keep or stand guard over — bewachen

    be on [one's] guard [against somebody/something] — (lit. or fig.) sich [vor jemandem/etwas] hüten

    be off [one's] guard — (fig.) nicht auf der Hut sein

    be caught or taken off guard or off one's guard [by something] — (fig.) [von etwas] überrascht werden

    put somebody on [his/her] guard — jemanden misstrauisch machen

    be [kept/held] under guard — unter Bewachung stehen

    keep or hold/put under guard — bewachen/unter Bewachung stellen

    5) (Brit. Railw.) [Zug]schaffner, der/-schaffnerin, die
    6) (Amer.): (prison warder) [Gefängnis]wärter, der/-wärterin, die
    7) (safety device) Schutz, der; Schutzvorrichtung, die; (worn on body) Schutz, der
    8) (posture) (Boxing, Fencing) Deckung, die

    drop or lower one's guard — die Deckung fallen lassen; (fig.) seine Reserve aufgeben

    2. transitive verb
    (watch over) bewachen; (keep safe) hüten [Geheimnis, Schatz]; schützen [Leben]; beschützen [Prominenten]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (train) n.
    Schaffner m. n.
    Schutz m.
    Schützer - m.
    Wache -n f.
    Wächter - m.
    Wärter - m. (against, from) v.
    bewachen (vor) v. v.
    bewachen v.
    schützen v.

    English-german dictionary > guard

  • 4 under

    1) нижче; вниз
    2) прийм. під; за; у відповідності з; згідно; в силу; на підставі
    3) преф. недо-; суб-
    •

    under pains and penalties of law — під страхом покарань, встановлених законом

    under the color of exercising the duties of an office — = under the colour of exercising the duties of an office під приводом виконання службових обов'язків ( функцій)

    under the colour of exercising the duties of an office — = under the color of exercising the duties of an office

    - under a sentence for a crime
    - under a sentence of death
    - under a special procedure
    - under advisement
    - under-age
    - under agreement
    - under authority
    - under cloud
    - under constraint
    - under control
    - under copyright
    - under date of
    - under duress
    - under granted powers
    - under hand and seal
    - under heavy guard
    - under judicial deliberation
    - under-lease
    - under-lessee
    - under orders
    - under pain of death
    - under pain of punishment
    - under penalty
    - under police supervision
    - under police surveillance
    - under prescribed circumstances
    - under present law
    - under reservations
    - under seal
    - under seal of secrecy
    - under-secretary
    - under-sheriff
    - under-staffing
    - under surveillance
    - under-tenant
    - under the aegis
    - under the auspices
    - under the authority
    - under the chair
    - under the chairmanship
    - under the claim of right
    - under the color
    - under the colour
    - under the color of office
    - under the colour of office
    - under the color of law
    - under the control
    - under the cover
    - under the guise
    - under the hand and seal
    - under the influence of alcohol
    - under the law
    - under the license
    - under the licence
    - under the oath
    - under the pretence
    - under the pretence of office
    - under the pretence of right
    - under the pretext
    - under the protection of law
    - under the sentence for a crime
    - under the supervision
    - under the sway of passion
    - under-the-table
    - under the terms
    - under the weight of evidence
    - under usual reserve

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > under

  • 5 guard

    I [gaːd] n
    1) часовой, охрана, конвой, караул, стража; a strong (constant) guard сильная (постоянная) охрана; an armed guard вооружённая охрана/вооружённый часовой; the Royal Horse Guards королевская конная Гвардия/королевская конница; police guards наряд полиции; advance guard авангард; rear guard арьергард; a railway guard кондуктор; a security guard охранник; a secret service guard сотрудник секретной службы; a Guards officer офицер Гвардии; a guard dog сторожевой пёс/сторожевая собака; a guard room караульное помещение; a guard company сторожевая команда; a guard house застава; a guard duty служба охраны/охранение; guard of honour почётный караул; a heavy guard of policeman усиленный наряд полиции; a regiment on guard полк, несущий караульную службу; the changing of the guards смена караула; to post (to change) guard выставлять (сменять) караул/охрану; to strengthen guard усилить охрану/караул; to go somewhere armed guard отправиться куда-либо в сопровождении вооружённой охраны; to keep smb under guard держать кого-либо под охраной/под стражей; to keep smb under a strong/heavy guard держать кого-либо под усиленной охраной; to be under a guard (under a strong/heavy guard) находиться под стражей (под усиленной охраной); to form (to inspect) the guard of honour построить (проверить) почётный караул; to set a guard on a house (on a bridge, on a camp) выставить/поставить охрану вокруг дома (вокруг моста, вокруг лагеря); to keep careful/close guard over the prisoners (over the bridge, over the approach to the fort) усиленно охранять узников (мост, подходы к крепости); to come off guard смениться из караула; to relieve/to change guard сменить караул/часовых/конвой; to be in the Guard служить в Гвардии; to stand guard over выставлять стражу/караул; заступать в караул to mount guard

    The dog stood guard over his wounded master. — Собака сторожила/охраняла своего раненого хозяина.

    He was marched off under guard. — Его увели под конвоем.

    2) защита, настороженность, осторожность, бдительность

    He struck me when I was off my guard. — Он застал меня врасплох и нанес мне удар.

    - be on guard against smb, smth
    - be on guard emergency
    - be on guard against depression
    - be on your guard against pickpockets
    - be on one's guard
    - catch smb off his guard
    - put smb on his guard against smb, smth
    - keep guard over one's tongue
    - be off one's guard
    - catch smb off guard
    - throw smb off his guard
    3) предохранительное устройство, охранная сигнальная система, мера предосторожности
    - nose guard
    - fire guard
    - rat guard
    - trigger guard
    - guard against smb, smth
    - guard against mud
    - guard against burglars
    - guards against emergencies
    - guard against evil spirit
    - guard on the pin
    - guard of a sword     II [gaːd]
    охранять, сторожить, караулить, защищать
    - guard the road
    - guard one's interests
    - guard smb, smth against smb, smth
    - guard prisoners of war
    - guard smb from harm
    USAGE:

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > guard

  • 6 guard

    guard [gɑ:d]
    1 noun
    (a) (person) gardien m, garde m; (group) garde f;
    ∎ prison guard gardien m de prison;
    ∎ call out the guard! appelez la garde!;
    ∎ guard of honour garde f d'honneur
    (b) (watch) garde f;
    ∎ to be on guard (duty) être de garde;
    ∎ to mount (a) guard monter la garde;
    ∎ to mount guard on or over veiller sur;
    ∎ the military kept guard over the town les militaires gardaient la ville;
    ∎ to stand guard monter la garde;
    ∎ the changing of the guard la relève de la garde;
    ∎ there was a heavy police guard for the president's visit il y avait d'importantes forces de police pour la visite du président
    (c) (supervision) garde f, surveillance f;
    ∎ to keep a prisoner under guard garder un prisonnier sous surveillance;
    ∎ to put a guard on sb/sth faire surveiller qn/qch;
    ∎ the prisoners were taken under guard to the courthouse les prisonniers furent emmenés sous escorte au palais de justice
    (d) (attention) garde f;
    ∎ on guard! (in fencing) en garde!;
    ∎ to be on one's guard être sur ses gardes;
    ∎ we must warn him to be on guard against robbers nous devons lui dire de faire attention aux voleurs;
    ∎ how can you put him on (his) guard? comment le mettre en garde?;
    ∎ to catch sb off guard prendre qn au dépourvu;
    ∎ his offer of help caught her off guard elle ne s'attendait pas à ce qu'il lui propose son aide;
    ∎ keep your guard up! méfiez-vous!;
    ∎ to drop or to lower one's guard relâcher sa surveillance
    (e) British Railways chef m de train
    (f) (protective device → on machine) dispositif m de sûreté ou de protection; (→ personal) protection f
    (a) (watch over → prisoner) garder
    (b) (defend → fort, town, entrance) garder, défendre;
    ∎ the house was heavily guarded la maison était étroitement surveillée
    (c) (protect → life, reputation) protéger;
    ∎ to guard sb against danger protéger qn d'un danger;
    ∎ guard the letter with your life veille bien sur cette lettre
    (d) (in games) garder
    Military (regiment) Garde f royale (britannique);
    ∎ he's in the Guards il est dans les régiments de la Garde royale
    ►► guard dog chien m de garde;
    Military Guards officer officier m de la Garde royale;
    British guard's van fourgon m du chef de train
    se protéger contre ou de, se prémunir contre;
    ∎ to guard against doing sth se garder de faire qch;
    ∎ plastic sheets help guard against frost des housses en plastique aideront à protéger du gel;
    ∎ how can we guard against such accidents (happening)? comment éviter ou empêcher (que) de tels accidents (arrivent)?

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > guard

  • 7 keep

    володіти; зберігати; тримати; переховувати ( майно); не порушувати (спокій, порядок); дотримуватися (правила, угоди)

    keep up a secret correspondence — (with smb.) підтримувати таємне листування ( з кимсь)

    - keep a close watch
    - keep a disorderly house
    - keep a family
    - keep a record
    - keep a secret
    - keep a state secret
    - keep a term
    - keep back a crowd
    - keep bad company
    - keep behind bars
    - keep books
    - keep close
    - keep dark
    - keep discipline
    - keep domestic peace
    - keep from aggressive action
    - keep from aggressive actions
    - keep from court
    - keep guard
    - keep in a detention center
    - keep in close confinement
    - keep in confinement
    - keep in custody
    - keep in detention
    - keep in jail
    - keep in solitary confinement
    - keep in thralldom
    - keep informed
    - keep itself in office
    - keep law current
    - keep lost property
    - keep mandate
    - keep minutes
    - keep order
    - keep out
    - keep out of
    - keep out of danger
    - keep out of debt
    - keep out of mischief
    - keep peace
    - keep power
    - keep private
    - keep record
    - keep records
    - keep record clean
    - keep secrecy
    - keep secret
    - keep securely
    - keep the law
    - keep the peace
    - keep to the left
    - keep to the protocol
    - keep to the reference
    - keep to the right
    - keep to the right left
    - keep to the terms of reference
    - keep track
    - keep under detention
    - keep under guard
    - keep under heavy guard
    - keep under intense guard
    - keep under observation
    - keep under surveillance
    - keep under surveille
    - keep within the law
    - keep within the bounds of law
    - keep within the law
    - keep within the reference
    - keep within the speed limit
    - keep within the time-limit

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > keep

  • 8 cover

    ˈkʌvə
    1. сущ.
    1) а) крышка, покрышка, колпак, колпачок The jewel box had a carved wooden cover. ≈ Крышка коробки для драгоценностей была украшена деревянной резьбой. б) обложка, переплет;
    одна сторона обложки to read from cover to cover ≈ прочесть от корки до корки( о книге) Don't judge a book by its cover. ≈ Не суди о книге по ее обложке. Syn: binding
    1. в) футляр;
    чехол a mattress cover ≈ чехол на матрац г) конверт, пакет;
    обертка under the same cover ≈ в том же конверте under separate cover ≈ в отдельном пакете, в отдельном конверте д) покрывало;
    одеяло Do you want another cover on the bed? ≈ Ты хочешь другое покрывало на кровать? Syn: blanket
    1., comforter, quilt
    1., coverlet, eiderdown ∙ Syn: lid
    1., top I
    1., cap I
    1., covering
    1. ;
    wrapper, case II
    1., encasement, envelope, jacket
    1.
    2) а) убежище, укрытие;
    воен. прикрытие, заслон under cover ≈ в укрытии, под защитой to take cover ≈ укрыться When the rain started, we took cover under a large tree. ≈ Когда начался дождь, мы спрятались под большим деревом. air cover ≈ воздушная защита Syn: protection, shelter
    1., shield
    1., guard
    1., defence;
    asylum, refuge
    1., sanctuary, concealment б) покров under cover of darkness ≈ под покровом темноты Syn: cloak
    1. в) перен. ширма;
    предлог, отговорка under cover of friendship ≈ под личиной дружбы Syn: screen
    1., disguise
    1., pretence
    3) а) охот. укрытие, логово( зверя) б) растительный покров
    4) а) коммерч. гарантийный фонд б) страхование
    5) прибор (обеденный)
    2. гл.
    1) накрывать, закрывать, покрывать to cover a wall with paper ≈ оклеивать стену обоями Grandmother always covered the table with a lace cloth. ≈ Бабушка всегда покрывает стол кружевной скатертью. The roof was covered with wooden shingles. ≈ Крыша была покрыта кровельной дранкой. to cover (one's head) ≈ надевать( шляпу и т. п.) Syn: put on, put over, lay on, overlay
    2., blanket
    3., clothe, sheathe, shroud, envelop, wrap
    2., enwrap
    2) защищать, ограждать, укрывать The tent covered the campers from the rain. ≈ Палатка предохранила отдыхающих от дождя. to cover a siege ≈ выдерживать осаду some woods which covered their retreat ≈ леса, которые прикрыли их отступление Syn: protect, shield
    2., guard
    2., shelter
    2., defend
    3) а) закрывать;
    скрывать, маскировать, прятать She covered her face with her hands. ≈ Она закрыла лицо руками. Frank laughed to cover his anxiety. ≈ Фрэнк засмеялся, чтобы скрыть тревогу. to cover the retreat ≈ прикрывать отступление to cover one's tracks ≈ заметать свои следы Syn: hide II
    2., conceal, obscure
    2., secrete;
    cloak
    2., veil
    2., hood
    2., screen
    2. ;
    mask
    2., disguise
    2., camouflage
    2. б) спорт закрывать, прикрывать (игрока соперника) ;
    прикрывать (участок поля)
    4) включать, содержать, охватывать;
    относиться( к чему-л.) The history book covers the years of Eisenhower's presidency. ≈ Эта книга по истории охватывает годы президентства Эйзенхауэра. Syn: deal with, include, involve, contain;
    embrace
    2., embody, comprise, take in, comprehend
    5) освещать (события и т. п.) в печати, на телевидении, по радио The reporter covered the convention for the local newspaper. ≈ Журналист давал материалы о партийном съезде в местную газету. Syn: report
    2., tell of, describe, chronicle, write up
    6) лежать, покрывать;
    расстилаться;
    распространяться Water covered the floor. ≈ Вода покрывает пол. His brewery covers nearly four acres of ground. ≈ Его пивоварня занимает почти четыре акра земли.
    7) преодолевать, проходить( какое-л. расстояние) ;
    спорт пройти( дистанцию) The distance covered was close on twenty miles. ≈ Пройденное расстояние равнялось почти двадцати милям. We covered three states in two days. ≈ Мы проехали три штата за два дня. Syn: travel through, pass over, pass through, traverse
    2., cross
    3.
    8) а) комерч. покрывать, обеспечивать( денежным) покрытием б) страховать This insurance covers the traveler in any accident. ≈ Эта страховка страхует путешественника от любого несчастного случая. Syn: insure
    9) предусматривать, разрешать The rules covers all cases. ≈ Правила предусматривают все случаи.
    10) покрывать (кобылу;
    по отношению к другим животным употребляется редко)
    11) сидеть( на яйцах)
    12) держать под прицелом ∙ cover for cover in cover over cover up (по) крышка;
    обертка;
    покрывало;
    чехол;
    футляр, колпак - a * for a saucepan крышка кастрлюли - a * for a chair чехол для стула - glass * стеклянный колпак конверт;
    обертка;
    упаковка - under plain * в конверте без фирменного штампа, в простом конверте - under separate * (канцелярское) в отдельном конверте - this is a receipt, the goods will be sent under separate * посылаем вам расписку, а товар будет выслан отдельно переплет;
    обложка - soft * мягкая обложка - to read a book from * to * прочесть книгу от корки до корки убежище, укрытие;
    прикрытие, "крышка" - * from fire (военное) укрытие от огня - * from view (военное) укрытие от наблюдения - under * в укрытиии - to take * найти убежище, спрятаться - to break * внезапно появиться;
    выйти из укрытия - the spy's * was to act as a bartender шпион скрывался под видом бармена (спортивное) прикрытие, защита покров - land * растительный покров - sky * облачность, облачный покров (of) покрывало, покров - under * of darkness под покровом темноты лесной покров, полог леса (ботаника) покров семяпочки или семени (охота) нора, логовище - to break * поднять из логовища личина, маска - under * of friendship под личиной дружбы - under * of patriotism прикрываясь патриотизмом прибор, куверт - *s were laid for four стол был накрыт на четыре персоны плата "за куверт" (в ресторане, ночном клубе) (коммерческое) гарантийный фонд;
    страхование (геология) покрывающие породы( автомобильное) покрышка (театроведение) замена;
    заменяющий актер или -ая актриса;
    исполнитель из второго состава > under * тайный;
    секретный;
    > he kept his activities under * он держал свою деятельность в тайне;
    тайно;
    секретно;
    > they met under * они встречались тайно покрывать, закрывать, накрывать - to * a saucepan закрывать кастрюлю - to * up a baby укутать ребенка - to * plants with straw прикрыть растения соломой (редкое) покрывать (голову, плечи) ;
    укрывать - to * one's head надеть шляпу - to remain *ed не снять шляпы - pray be *ed (устаревшее) прошу надеть шляпу прикрывать, ограждать, защищать - to * a retreat прикрывать отступление - the warships *ed the landing of the army военные корабли прикрывали высадку армии - the father *ed the boy from the fire with his own body отец своим телом укрыл мальчика от огня( спортивное) держать, закрывать (игрока) прятать, скрывать - to * one's face with one's hands закрыть лицо руками - the enemy were *ed from our sight by woods лес скрывал от нас неприятеля - to * one's shame скрыть стыд - to * one's tracks замести следы покрывать;
    находить оправдания - his family kept *ing for him семья постоянно покрывала его - to * up for a friend покрывать друга;
    выручать друга (книжное) покрыть, увенчать;
    запятнать - to * oneself with glory покрыть себя славой покрывать, обдавать - you are *ed with dust ты весь в пыли - a passing motor *ed me with mud проезжавшая мимо машина обдала меня грязью обивать;
    оклеивать - to * the seat of a chair with leather обить кожей сиденье стула - to * with wall-paper оклеить обоями покрывать;
    распространяться;
    расстилаться - snow *ed the ground земля была покрыта снегом, на земле лежал снег - enemy troops *ed the whole country вражеские войска наводнили всю страну - the floods *ed a large area наводнение распространялось на большую территорию покрывать, охватывать;
    относиться - his researches * a wide field его исследования охватывают широкую область - documents *ing the sale документы, касающиеся продажи( for) (разговорное) заменять, подменять - please * for me at the counter for a few minutes пожалуйства, подмени меня у прилавка на несколько минут( театроведение) заменять держать под наблюдением - the police got all the roads *ed полиция перекрыла все дороги пройти, проехать - he *ed the distance in an hour он прошел расстояние за час - by evening we had *ed sixty miles к вечеру мы проехали шестьдесят миль( спортивное) пробежать дистанцию - to * the distance in great style показать на дистанции высокую технику бега освещать в печати - to * football matches давать репортаж о футбольных матчах - to * the theatres освещать театральную жизнь предусматривать - the rules * all cases правила предусматривают все случаи (коммерческое) обеспечить покрытие;
    покрывать - to * one's expenses покрыть расходы - the loan was *ed many times сумма займа была перекрыта во много раз страховать - my policy *s me against loss from fire мое имущество застраховано от пожара - you should get yourself *ed as soon as possible тебе надо поскорее застраховаться( карточное) покрывать, крыть принять пари;
    поставить( сельскохозяйственное) случать;
    крыть (матку) сидеть (на яйцах) (военное) держать под обстрелом;
    держать под прицелом - don't move, I have you *ed не шевелись, буду стрелять additional premium for short-term ~ дополнительная страховая премия за краткосрочное покрытие рисков advance ~ авансовое покрытие all risks ~ покрытие всех рисков back ~ четвертая сторонка обложки bank-note ~ покрытие банкнот blanket ~ общее страхование blanket ~ полный перечень рисков, охватываемых страховым полисом ~ охватывать;
    относиться (к чему-л.) ;
    the book covers the whole subject книга дает исчерпывающие сведения по всему предмету cash ~ денежное покрытие ~ разрешать, предусматривать;
    the circumstances are covered by this clause обстоятельства предусмотрены этим пунктом ~ расстилаться;
    распространяться;
    the city covers ten square miles город занимает десять квадратных миль cost escalation ~ покрытие роста издержек cover = cover-point ~ ком. гарантийный фонд ~ гарантийный фонд ~ гарантировать ~ давать материал, отчет( для прессы) ~ закрывать;
    покрывать;
    накрывать;
    прикрывать;
    перекрывать;
    to cover a wall with paper оклеивать стену обоями ~ конверт;
    under the same cover в том же конверте ~ конверт ~ (по) крышка;
    обертка;
    чехол;
    покрывало;
    футляр, колпак ~ обеспечение ~ обеспечивать покрытие ~ обеспечить покрытие (денежное) ~ обложка, переплет, крышка переплета;
    to read from cover to cover прочесть от корки до корки (о книге) ~ полигр. обложка ~ обшивка ~ относиться (к чему-л.) ~ охватывать;
    относиться (к чему-л.) ;
    the book covers the whole subject книга дает исчерпывающие сведения по всему предмету ~ охватывать ~ полигр. переплет ~ перечень рисков, охватываемых страховым полисом ~ покров;
    under cover of darkness под покровом темноты ~ покрывать (кобылу и т. п.) ~ покрывать ~ покрытие ~ покрытие (денежное) ~ покупка ценных бумаг при сделках на срок ~ преодолевать, проходить (какое-л. расстояние) ;
    спорт. пройти (дистанцию) ~ прибор (обеденный) ~ принимать на страх ~ разрешать, предусматривать;
    the circumstances are covered by this clause обстоятельства предусмотрены этим пунктом ~ распространяться ~ расстилаться;
    распространяться;
    the city covers ten square miles город занимает десять квадратных миль ~ сидеть (на яйцах) ~ скрывать;
    to cover one's confusion (annoyance) чтобы скрыть (или не показать) свое смущение( досаду) ~ страхование ~ страховать ~ убежище, укрытие;
    прикрытие;
    заслон;
    under cover в укрытии, под защитой ;
    to take cover укрыться ~ укрывать, ограждать, защищать;
    he covered his friend from the blow with his own body он своим телом закрыл друга от удара ~ уплата( по счету, векселю) ~ целиться( из ружья и т. п.) ;
    держать под угрозой ~ ширма;
    предлог;
    отговорка;
    личина, маска;
    under cover of friendship под личиной дружбы ~ закрывать;
    покрывать;
    накрывать;
    прикрывать;
    перекрывать;
    to cover a wall with paper оклеивать стену обоями ~ for losses покрытие убытков ~ girl хорошенькая девушка, изображение которой помещают на обложке журнала;
    журнальная красотка ~ in забросать землей( могилу) ~ in закрыть ~ of loss покрытие убытков ~ of loss покрытие ущерба ~ on death сумма страхового возмещения при смертельном исходе ~ скрывать;
    to cover one's confusion (annoyance) чтобы скрыть (или не показать) свое смущение (досаду) to ~ one's face with one's hands закрыть лицо руками to ~ the retreat прикрывать отступление;
    to cover one's tracks заметать свои следы ~ over скрыть, прикрыть to ~ the retreat прикрывать отступление;
    to cover one's tracks заметать свои следы ~ up прятать ~ up спрятать, тщательно прикрыть cover = cover-point cover-point: cover-point спорт. защитник( в крикете) ~ спорт. место защитника (в крикете) demand for ~ требование покрытия depot under ~ хранилище под крышей dust ~ полигр. суперобложка exchange rate risk ~ страхование от риска изменения валютного курса exchange risk ~ страхование от валютного риска extended ~ расширенное страхование forward ~ бирж. срочное покрытие forward ~ бирж. форвардное покрытие front ~ первая сторонка обложки front ~ передняя часть обложки full ~ полное покрытие ~ укрывать, ограждать, защищать;
    he covered his friend from the blow with his own body он своим телом закрыл друга от удара inside back ~ третья сторонка обложки inside front ~ вторая сторонка обложки insurance ~ объем страховой ответственности interest ~ обеспечение выплаты процентов liability insurance ~ риски, охватываемые страхованием гражданской ответственности margin ~ бирж. покрытие маржи master ~ суперобложка maximum ~ максимальный объем страховой ответственности minimum ~ минимальное покрытие molded ~ формованная накладка open ~ генеральный полис open ~ открытый полис primary ~ первичное страхование provide forward ~ бирж. предоставлять срочное обеспечение provide forward ~ бирж. предоставлять форвардное обеспечение ~ обложка, переплет, крышка переплета;
    to read from cover to cover прочесть от корки до корки (о книге) reinsurance ~ объем ответственности при перестраховании reserve fund ~ покрытие резервного фонда risk ~ перечень рисков, охватываемых страховым полисом subsequent ~ последующая уплата по счету surplus ~ избыточное покрытие ~ убежище, укрытие;
    прикрытие;
    заслон;
    under cover в укрытии, под защитой ;
    to take cover укрыться ~ убежище, укрытие;
    прикрытие;
    заслон;
    under cover в укрытии, под защитой ;
    to take cover укрыться under: ~ heavy penalty под страхом сурового наказания;
    under the necessity( of smth.) под давлением( каких-л.) обстоятельств;
    under cover под прикрытием ~ покров;
    under cover of darkness под покровом темноты ~ ширма;
    предлог;
    отговорка;
    личина, маска;
    under cover of friendship под личиной дружбы ~ конверт;
    under the same cover в том же конверте vegetative ~ растительный покров vertex ~ вершинное покрытие

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > cover

  • 9 relieve

    [-v]
    1) (to lessen or stop (pain, worry etc): The doctor gave him some drugs to relieve the pain; to relieve the hardship of the refugees.) lindre; fjerne
    2) (to take over a job or task from: You guard the door first, and I'll relieve you in two hours.) afløse
    3) (to dismiss (a person) from his job or position: He was relieved of his post/duties.) frigøre
    4) (to take (something heavy, difficult etc) from someone: May I relieve you of that heavy case?; The new gardener relieved the old man of the burden of cutting the grass.) skille af med; aflaste
    5) (to come to the help of (a town etc which is under siege or attack).) befri
    * * *
    [-v]
    1) (to lessen or stop (pain, worry etc): The doctor gave him some drugs to relieve the pain; to relieve the hardship of the refugees.) lindre; fjerne
    2) (to take over a job or task from: You guard the door first, and I'll relieve you in two hours.) afløse
    3) (to dismiss (a person) from his job or position: He was relieved of his post/duties.) frigøre
    4) (to take (something heavy, difficult etc) from someone: May I relieve you of that heavy case?; The new gardener relieved the old man of the burden of cutting the grass.) skille af med; aflaste
    5) (to come to the help of (a town etc which is under siege or attack).) befri

    English-Danish dictionary > relieve

  • 10 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 11 put

    1. III
    put smth.
    1) where have I put the ticket? куда я засунул /дел/ билет?
    2) put things (it, one's ideas, the case, etc.) излагать что-л. и т.д.; have a neat (brilliant, graceful, logical, clear, etc.) way of putting things [уметь] четко и т.д. излагать что-л.; as he put it как он выразился; as Horace puts it как об этом пишет Гораций, как это сказано у Горация; let me put my side of the case позвольте мне изложить мою точку зрения
    3) put a resolution предлагать резолюцию; put a motion (a proposal, etc.) выдвигать предложение и т.д.
    4) put a question задавать вопрос
    5) put smth. sport. put the shot (the weight, etc.) толкать ядро и т.д.
    2. IV
    1) put smth., smb. somewhere put a suitcase (a bag, a box, etc.) down опустить /положить или поставить на пол или на землю/ чемодан и т.д.; will you please put the reference book (the dictionary, the hat, specimens, etc.) here (over there, somewhere, back, etc.) пожалуйста, положите сюда и т.д. справочник и т.д.; put this chair there поставьте этот стул туда; put that dog down at once and don't touch it any more опусти собаку сейчас же и больше не трогай ее; did you put the swim-suits in? ты положил [в чемодан] /уложил/ купальные костюмы?; put the rubbish out выносить мусор; put out one's tongue высунуть /показать/ язык: put one's head out высунуть голову; put out a boat вывести лодку в море; now, children, you may put your hands down a теперь, дети, можете опустить руки; put smth. in some manner put one's things (books, one's clothes, etc.) together сложить /собрать/ свои вещи и т.д.; put the hands of a clock (the minute hand, the clock, etc.) back (forward) передвинуть /перевести/ стрелки часов и т.д. назад (вперед); put the clock back an hour перевести часы на час назад; that clock is fast, I'd better put it back five minutes эти часы спешат, пожалуй, я переведу их назад на пять минут; one can't put the clock back время нельзя повернуть назад: let's put two heads together давай подумаем вместе
    2) put smth. somewhere put one's interests (problems of health, science, etc.) first ставить собственные интересы и т.д. на первое место; put truth first заботиться прежде всего об истине; ставить истину во главу угла
    3) put smth., smb. in some state put things to rights a) привести все в порядок; б) все исправить; how can we put him at [his] ease? как мы можем его успокоить?
    4) put smth. in some manner put a case (ideas, a proposal, a matter, facts, things, the story, etc.) clearly (plainly, bluntly, forcibly, cleverly, etc.) излагать /выражать, формулировать/ дело /суть, обстоятельства дела/ и т.д. ясно и т.д.; the report puts the facts truthfully все факты, изложенные в донесении, соответствуют действительности; the teacher puts things convincingly учитель убедительно все объясняет или излагает; to put it briefly, his idea is that... коротко говоря, его мысль состоит в том, что...; to put it frankly, I don't саге for him откровенно /честно/ говоря, он мне не нравится; to say that I was frightened is putting it mildly мягко говоря, я испугался; I don't know how to put it я не знаю, как это выразить /как это сказать/; put it so as not to offend him скажите это так, чтобы он не обиделся
    5) put smth. somewhere put your name here, please распишитесь здесь, пожалуйста
    6) || put smb. back задержать кого-л.; the traffic jam put us back a whole hour пробка на дороге задержала нас на целый час
    3. VI
    put smth. to some state put a watch (a clock) right (wrong) поставить часы правильно (неправильно); put a clock (a watch) fast (slow) отрегулировать часы так, чтобы они шли быстрее (медленнее); put things /the matter/ right исправить положение вещей /дел/; his short note put everything right его короткая записка поставила все на свои места; he put everything wrong он все испортил: the teacher put the boy right учитель поправил ребенка /объяснил ребенку, в чем его ошибка/
    4. VII
    put smth., smb. to do smth. put dishes to drain поставить посуду сушиться; put towels to dry повесить полотенца сушиться; put her to wash dishes (the girl to take care of the children, him to mind the furnace, etc.) поручить ей мыть посуду и т.д.; he put me to work peeling potatoes он посадил меня чистить картошку
    5. XI
    1) be put on (in, under, etc.) smth. the books were put on the shelf (on the table, under the tarpaulin, etc.) книги положили на полку и т.д.; the parcels were put in a bag свертки /посылки и т.п./ были уложены в мешок; every little thing must be put in its right place каждую даже самую маленькую вещичку надо класть на [свое] место
    2) be put to (into, in, out of, etc.) smth. be put (in)to jail /gaol/ быть посаженным /заключенным/ в тюрьму; be put into quarantine быть отправленным /помещенным, посаженным/ в /на/ карантин; the refugees were put in the hostel беженцев разместили в общежитии; he was put to bed его уложили спать; the boy was put out of the room for being impudent мальчика вывели из комнаты за дерзкое поведение; he was put out of the court его удаляли из зала суда; be put in some manner the new boys were put together in one dormitory новичков поместили вместе в одной спальне; he has more sense than all the rest put together у него больше здравого смысла, чем у всех остальных, вместе взятых; he thought he knew more than all his teachers put together он считал, что знает больше своих учителей, вместе взятых
    3) be put on (to) smth. the notice was put on the front page извещение /объявление/ поместили /напечатали/ на первой странице /полосе/; it's time the child was put to school пора определить ребенка в школу; be put on an army pay-roll быть зачисленным на армейское довольствие
    4) be put into smth. the work that has been put into it количество труда, вложенного в это [дело]
    5) be put to (into, in, etc.) smth. be put to use использовать; the uses to which his invention can (may) be put возможные способы /виды/ применения /использования/ его изобретения; be put into practice найти [практическое] применение; the law was put into force закон был введен в действие; he is put to every kind of work его ставят на всякую работу, его используют на разной работе; she was put in (to) service ее отдали в прислуги; the land was put into /under/ turnips участок был засеян репой
    6) be put into (in, out of, etc.) smth. be is soon put into a passion (into a rage, into despair, etc.) его можно быстро привести в состояние возбуждения и т.д.; the dog was put out of pain a) собаке сняли боль; б) собаку умертвили /усыпили/, чтобы она не мучилась; you will be put in funds in due time [денежные] средства вам предоставят в надлежащее время; be put in some manner all the clocks and watches were put back (forward) an hour on Saturday night в субботу вечером все часы были переведены на час назад (вперед); the wedding was put forward to June 3d свадьбу перенесли на третье июня; the meeting was put back for a week собрание отложили на неделю || be [hard] put to it оказаться в трудном /затруднительном/ положении; surprising what he can do when he's put to it просто удивительно, что только он ни сделает, когда нужно; you will be hard put to it to find a pleasanter place than this (to find a substitute, to get the needed sum, to pay his debts, etc.) [вам будет] трудно найти более приятное место, чем это и т.д.; be hard put to it financially находиться в затруднительном материальном положении; any doubt on this point can be easily put at rest любые сомнения на этот счет можно легко развеять
    7) be put to (on, into, in, out of) smth. I have been put to great inconvenience мне это было крайне неудобно; I have been put to great expense меня это ввело в большей расход; be put to the vote быть поставленным на голосование; the motion was put to the vote это предложение было поставлено на голосование; he's already been put to death его уже казнили; he was put on trial a) его предали суду; б) его взяли [на работу] с испытательным сроком; the company will be put in liquidation фирма будет закрыта; he was again put on the same treatment with the same good result ему провели повторный курс лечения, и результат снова оказался хорошим; be put on sale быть выпущенным в продажу; be put in (to) circulation пустить в обращение; only a few copies of the book were put in (to) circulation всего несколько экземпляров книги поступило в продажу; soon buses will be put into service on these routes вскоре по этим маршрутам будут пущены автобусы; these old freight cars have been put out of operation эти старые товарные вагоны сняты с эксплуатации /с линии/; the gun was put out of action орудие было выведено из строя; I had specimen pages put into type я сдал пробные страницы в набор
    8) be put to smth. the enemy was soon put to flight неприятель был вскоре обращен в бегство; he was put to his trump cards его заставили козырять /пойти с козырей/
    9) be put through smth. the bill was put through Congress last week законопроект был проведен через конгресс /был утвержден конгрессом/ на прошлой неделе
    10) be put at smth. the height of this hill is put at 200 metres считают /говорят/, что высота этого холма равна двумстам метрам; it is roughly put at I 5 это приблизительно равняется пяти фунтам
    11) be put in some manner be clearly (well, badly, etc.) put быть ясно и т.д. выраженным /изложенным/; а good story (an anecdote, a witticism, a jest, a joke, etc.) well put интересный, хорошо преподнесенный рассказ и т.д.; the case was cleverly put обстоятельства дела были умно /толково/ изложены; the compliment was clumsily put комплимент был сделан неуклюже; it was finely (gracefully, logically, etc.) put by this author об этом тонко и т.д. сказано /это тонко и т.д. сформулировано/ у данного автора; be put in a few words быть выраженным /высказанным/ несколькими словами
    12) be put to smb. the question was put to the chairman of the meeting (to the committee, to the management, etc.) вопрос был задан председателю собрания и т.д.
    13) be put on smb., smth. dues were put on cattle на крупный рогатый скот был введен налог; embargo has been put on the ship and cargo на корабль и груз было наложено эмбарго; be put under smth. the paper has been put under ban газета была запрещена
    14) be put (up)on smth. be put upon the stage быть поставленным на сцене; this opera was put on the air эта опера была поставлена на радио; an incident sufficiently interesting to merit being put on record этот случай вполне заслуживает того, чтобы его записать
    6. XVI
    put down (up, into, to, for, etc.) some place put down (up) the river двигаться /плыть/ вниз (вверх) по реке; put for home двигаться /направляться/ домой; the ship (the boat, etc.) put back to the shore (to harbour, to port, etc.) корабль и т.д. вернулся /повернул/ к берегу и т.д.; the ship put to Odessa судно шло в Одессу; the ship put out of Odessa судно отплыло из Одессы; the yacht put into Malta for stores (for repairs, etc.) яхта зашла на Мальту, чтобы пополнить [свои] запасы и т.д.; put to sea выйти в море; put to sea in one's yacht отправиться в морское путешествие на собственной яхте
    7. XVIII
    1) || put oneself in smb.'s place /position/ ставить себя на чье-л. место; put yourself in my place поставь себя на мое место
    2) put oneself over smb. coll. put oneself over an audience быть принятым публикой, добиться успеха /завоевать популярность/ у публики
    8. XXI1
    1) put smth. (up)on (into, in, etc.) smth. put a letter on the table (one's hat on a chair, jewels in a safe, a book down upon the desk, the key in his pocket, a manuscript back in its place, one's clothes into the case, etc.) положить письмо на стол и т.д.; put a bottle on the table (a vase upon the mantlepiece, flowers in water, etc.) поставить бутылку на стол и т.д.; put a thing in its right place положить /поставить/ вещь на место; put a kettle on fire поставить чайник на огонь; put the dress in the cupboard повесить платье в шкаф; put a bandage on smb.'s knee накладывать повязку на колено; put one's hand on smb.'s shoulder положить руку. кому-л. на плечо; put one's arms about smb.'s neck обнять кого-л. за шею, обвить чью-л. шею руками; put one's head on the pillow положить голову на подушку; he put an асе on my king он покрыл моего короля тузом; put smb. on (to) smth. put the baby on the bed положите ребенка на кровать; put a player [back] to his former position вернуть игрока на прежнее место
    2) put smb. in some place put smb. in the chair поставить /назначить/ кого-л. председателем; put smb. in the shade оттеснить кого-л. на второй /на задний/ план; put smb. over (under) smb., smth. they put over him a man six years younger than himself они поставили над ним человека на шесть лет моложе него; put a colonel over a division назначить полковника командиром дивизии; they put me under him меня поставили под его начало; put smb., smth. above (before, etc.) smb., smth. he puts Keats above Byron as a poet как поэта он ставит Китса выше Байрона; he puts honour before riches честь для него важнее богатства; put a critic high among other critics ценить /ставить/ данного критика выше всех других; put smth. (up)on smb., smth. put the blame (obligations, hopes, etc.) (up)on smb. возлагать вину и т.д. на кого-л.; he put the blame on me он свалил все на меня; the obligations he had put on us обязательства, которые он на нас возложил; put one's hopes (up)on their talks (oa his decision, on chance, etc.) возлагать надежды на их переговоры и т.д.; put smth. in smb., smth. put confidence /faith, trust/ in smb. верить /доверять/ кому-л.; he puts his faith in reason он верит в силу разума; put no faith in smb.'s assertions не верить чьим-л. утверждениям; put smth. to smth. he puts her failure to lack of experience (to her ignorance, to their refusal, etc.) он относит ее провал за счет неопытности и т.д.; put their conduct to custom объяснять их поведение обычаем; put their success to her credit поставить их успех ей в заслугу || put a wrong construction on smth. а) неправильно понимать или толковать что-л.; б) истолковывать что-л. в худшую сторону; put smb. in possession of smth. ввести кого-л. во владение чем-л.; put difficulties in smb.'s way ставить /чинить/ препятствия кому-л.; put smb., smth. in (to) smb.'s hands доверить кого-л., что-л. кому-л.; put the child in (to) their hands отдать ребенка в их руки; will you put the matter in (to) my hands? не поручите ли вы мне это дело?; put yourself in (to) my hands доверьтесь мне; put smb. in charge of smth. поручить кому-л. руководство чем-л., возложить на кого-л. ответственность за что-л.; put smb. under smb.'s care /under smb.'s charge/ поручить кого-л. чьим-л. заботам; 1 shall put myself under a doctor's care я обращусь к врачу и буду делать то, что он велит; put smth. at smb.'s service предоставить что-л. в чье-л. распоряжение
    3) put smth. in (to) (up, down, etc.) smth. puta letter in (to) an envelope (some money in one's purse, a coin into her pocket, a stick of chewing-gum into her mouth, jewels into a box, papers in the drawer, garbage down a chute, etc.) положить письмо в конверт и т.д.; put a key in a lock (a candle into a candlestick, etc.) вставить ключ в замок и т.д.; he put his hands in (to) his pockets он засунул руки в карманы; put those things in a handbag положите все эти вещи в сумочку; put a letter in a mailbox (a halfpenny into a slot, etc.) опустить /бросить/ письмо в [почтовый] ящик и т.д.; I put a coin in a slot-machine я опустил монету в автомат; put some water in a jug налить воды в кувшин; put sugar in (to) [one's] tea класть сахар в чай; put milk in (to) one's tea наливать /добавлять/ молока себе в чай; put poison in smth. подмешать яду во что-л.; put smth. up the chimney засунуть что-л. в печную трубу; put eau-de-Cologne upon a handkerchief надушите [носовой] платок одеколоном; put seeds into ground засеять поле; put a spoke in smb.'s wheel ставить кому-л. палки в колеса; put smth. into (through) smb., smth. put d knife into smb. зарезать кого-л.; put a bullet through smb. застрелить кого-л.; put a bullet (a knife, etc.) through a wall вогнать пулю и т.д. в стену; put a bullet through one's head пустить себе пулю в лоб, застрелиться; put one's fist through a pane of glass /through a window/ разбить кулаком окно || put one's pen (pencil) through a word (through a line, through a paragraph, etc.) вычеркнуть /вымарать/ слово и т.д.; put smb. in (to) (on) smth. put smb. in a spare room in a hostel поместить /поселить/ кого-л. в свободной комнате общежития; put smb. in prison /into jail/ отправить /заключить/ кого-л. в тюрьму; put smb. in hospital (into a madhouse, etc.) поместить кого-л. в больницу и т.д.; I will put you on the bus я вас [провожу и] посажу на автобус; put smth., smb. out of smth. put one's head out of the window высунуться из окна; put disorderly people out of a meeting вывести /удалять/ хулиганов с собрания
    4) put smth., smb. in (to) (on) smth. put smb. in /on/ the list включить кого-л. в список; put these books in the catalogue включите эти книги в каталог; put a child in a special school отдать ребенка в специальную школу; put an ad in a paper поместить объявление в газете; put all his pieces for children (all his poems together, etc.) in one volume соберите /включите/ все его пьесы для детей и т.д. в один [отдельный] том; put fresh troops into the field вводить в бой свежие войска; put smth. under smth. put a field under wheat засеять поле пшеницей
    5) put smth. in (to) smth. put [one's] money (capital, etc.) in (to) a bank (in business, into land, into property, In an undertaking, into a company, into real estate, etc.) вкладывать [свои] деньги и т.д. в банк и т.д.; put one's savings into securities превращать /вкладывать/ свои сбережения в ценные бумаги; put much work into this display (many weeks into this work, many hours in this paper, etc.) вложить много труда в эту выставку и т.д.; I put much time into this design я затратил много времени, чтобы создать этот узор; put words into smb.'s mouth вложить слова в чьи-л. уста; put a word or two into smb.'s ear [about smth.] шепнуть кому-л. пару слов [о чем-л.]; put new ideas into smb.'s head внушить кому-л. новые идеи; good actors know how to put emotion into their spoken words хорошие /настоящие/ актеры умеют выразить чувства словами; you must put more nerve into your part вы должны играть эту роль более темпераментно; put smth. on smb., smth. put all one's money (a dollar, etc.) on a horse (on the favourite) ставить все свои деньги на лошадь (на фаворита); put a bet on the game делать ставку в азартной игре; put smth. into smb. put new life into a person вселять новую надежду /жизнь/ в человека; put smth., smb. out of smth. put the idea (a thing, this man, etc.) out of one's head /out of one's mind/ выбросить эту мысль и т.д. из головы; put it out of sight уберите это с глаз долой
    6) put smth. to (on) smth. put a new handle to a knife приделать новую рукоятку /ручку/ к ножу; I am afraid you forgot to put a stamp on your letter боюсь, что вы забыли наклеить марку на свое письмо; will you please put a patch on these trousers положите, пожалуйста, заплату на эти брюки, залатайте, пожалуйста, эти брюки; put the roof on the house покрыть дом крышей; put smth. in some piece put a cross at the bottom (one's signature on top, etc.) поставить крест внизу и т.д.
    7) put smth. oner (ой) smth., smb. put gold (silver, etc.) [leaf] over smth. покрывать что-л. золотом и т.д.; put a ring on a finger (a dress on a mannequin,. two socks on one foot, a coat on her shoulders, a new suit on him, etc.) надеть кольцо на палец и т.д.; put a net over a lion набросить на льва сеть; put a saddle on a horse оседлать лошадь; put smb. into smth. put a child into a sailor suit одеть ребенка в матросский костюмчик /в матроску/
    8) put smth. to (against) smth. put a glass to one's lips /one's lips to one's glass/ (a handkerchief to one's nose, a light to a fire, a match to a cigarette, etc.) поднести стакан к губам и т.д.; put one's hand to one's head приложить руку ко лбу; put one's eye to a telescope (to opera-glasses, to a spyglass, to a keyhole, etc.) посмотреть в телескоп и т.д.; he put a flower against her hair он приложил цветок к ее волосам; put one's lips to smb.'s ear сказать что-л. на ухо/шепнуть что-л./ кому-л. || put smb. in touch with smb., smth. связать кого-л. с кем-л., чем-л.; I'll try to put you in touch with them попробую связать вас с ними
    9) put smth. in (to) smth. put a plan in action проводить в жизнь план; put a plan in execution приводить план в исполнение; put a law in force /into operation/ вводить закон в действие; put a reform into effect провести реформу; put an order into effect выполнять приказ; put a principle into practice осуществлять какой-л. принцип; put one's knowledge to practical use применять свои знания на практике; put the money to a good use хорошо /разумно/ использовать деньги; put smth. in evidence выставлять /предъявлять/ что-л. как свидетельство; put smb. to smth. put smb. to work определять кого-л. на работу; put smb. to business приставить кого-л. к делу; put smb. to a trade отдать /определить/ кого-л. в учение; he put me to work at once он сразу же дал /поручил/ мне работу
    10) put smb. into (in, to, out of, on) some state put smb. into a rage привести кого-л. в ярость; put smb. into a fright напугать/перепугать/ кого-л.; put smb. in fear of his life заставить кого-л. дрожать за свою жизнь; put smb. into a state of anxiety разволновать кого-л., привести кого-л. в волнение; put smb. into a flutter привести кого-л. в нервное состояние, взбудоражить кого-л.; put smb. in doubt вызвать у кого-л. сомнение; put smb. to shame пристыдить кого-л.; put smb. to the blush заставить кого-л. покраснеть; put smb. in a good humour привести кого-л. в хорошее настроение /в хорошее расположение духа/; he always manages to put me in the wrong ему всегда удается показать, что я неправ; put smb. into a state of hypnosis загипнотизировать кого-л.; put smb. to bed уложить кого-л. спать; put smb. to sleep a) навевать сон кому-л.; by singing she put the baby back to sleep ребенок снова заснул под ее песенку; б) усыпить /убить/ кого-л.; we had to put the old dog to sleep нам пришлось усыпить старого пса; the doctor put the patient to bed for six weeks врач уложил больного в постель /прописал больному постельный режим/ на шесть недель; put smb. on diet посадить кого-л. на диету; put the patient on a milk diet прописать /назначить/ больному молочную диету; put smb. out of temper вывести кого-л. из себя; put smb. out of patience вывести кого-л. из терпения; put smb. out of humour испортить кому-л. настроение; put smb. out of suspense успокоить кого-л.; put smb. out of countenance привести кого-л. в замешательство, смутить кого-л.; put the poor man out of misery избавить несчастного [человека] от страданий; put smb. out of employment лишать кого-л. работы; put smb. out of business разорить кого-л.; put smth. in (into, out of) some state put one's room (one's dress, one's affairs, the house, etc.) in order привести свою комнату и т.д. в порядок; put manuscripts in order for publication подготовить рукописи к изданию; I want to put my report into shape я хочу привести в порядок /отредактировать/ свой доклад; put figures into the form of diagrams представить /дать/ цифры в форме диаграмм; put data into tabular form привести данные в табличной форме; put names in alphabetical order расположить фамилии в алфавитном порядке; put the piano in tune настроить рояль; put a country in a state of defence подготовить страну к обороне; put a machine out of order /out of gear/ сломать машину; put a bus out of service снять автобус с линии; put a warship out of action вывести военный корабль из боя || put smb. in mind of smth., smb. напоминать кому-л. что-л., кого-л.; this put me in mind of my youth (of his promise, of her sister, etc.) это напомнило мне мою юность и т.д.; put smth., smb. on its, on one's legs again снова поставить что-л., кого-л. на ноги; he tried to put the firm on its legs again он попробовал вдохнуть в фирму новую жизнь
    11) put smb. to smth. put smb. to inconvenience причинять кому-л. неудобство; I am putting you to a good deal of trouble я доставляю /причиняю/ вам массу хлопот; you have put me to great /heavy/ expense вы ввели меня в большие расходы; put smb. to torture пытать кого-л., подвергать кого-л. пыткам; put smb. to trial возбуждать против кого-л. дело в суде; предать кого-л. суду; put smb. to death казнить кого-л.; put smth. to smth., smb. put an end /a stop/ (a check, etc.) to smth. положить конец чему-л., прекратить что-л.; the news put an end to our hopes это известие лишило нас надежды; put an end to smb. покончить с кем-л., ликвидировать кого-л.; put an end to oneself /to one's life/ покончить жизнь самоубийством; put an end to a practice прекратить практику; put smb. in smth. put smb. in an unpleasant position /in a fix, in a hole/ поставить кого-л. в неприятное или затруднительное положение; put smb., smth. through (on, to, etc.) smth. put them through a course of English обязать их прослушать курс английского языка /пройти подготовку по английскому языку/; put smb. through an ordeal подвергать кого-л. тяжелому испытанию; put smb. through a severe /stiff/ cross-examination устроить кому-л. суровый перекрестный допрос; put smb. through it coll. задать кому-л. жару; put goods on (in) the market /to sale, into circulation/ выпустить товар в продажу; he put the car through some tests он несколько раз проверял /испытывал/ машину; put smb., smth. to the test подвергать кого-л., что-л. испытанию; проверять кого-л., что-л. || put smth. to the vote ставить вопрос на голосование; put a motion (a proposal, a matter, a resolution, a decision, etc.) to the vote ставить предложение и т.д. на голосование; put the painting on exhibition выставить картину для обозрения; put smb. under arrest арестовать кого-л.; put pressure on smth., smb. оказывать давление на что-л., кого-л.; they put it over us coll. они нас провели, они обвели нас вокруг пальца
    12) put smb., smth. to (in, into) smth. put the enemy (an army, the gang, thieves, etc.) to flight обратить неприятеля и т.д. в бегство; put an engine in motion /into operation/ включить мотор; put a piece of mechanism in motion /into operation/ приводить в движение механизм; put new cars into service ввести в эксплуатацию новые машины; put smth. into production (into circulation, etc.) пускать что-л. в производство и т.д.
    13) put smb. on smth. put smb. on his mettle заставить кого-л. проявить себя с лучшей стороны /проявить рвение/; your presence will put him on his best behaviour ваше присутствие заставит его проявить себя с лучшей стороны или вести себя самым лучшим образом; put smb. on his guard заставить кого-л. насторожиться; put smb. through smth. put a horse through his paces заставлять лошадь показать, что она умеет
    14) put smth., smb. (in)to (on, over, across, etc.) smth. put a ship /the rudder/ (in)to port /harbour/ направить корабль в порт; put a fleet to sea направить флот в море; put a satellite into orbit [around the earth] вывести спутник на околоземную орбиту; put a horse's head towards home повернуть /направить/ лошадь домой; put smb. on the right road a) показать кому-л. правильную дорогу; б) направить кого-л. на правильный путь; put smb. on the wrong scent направить кого-л. по ложному следу; put smb. across /over/ the river переправить кого-л. на другой берег [реки]
    15) put smth. at smth. put the distance at 5 miles считать, что расстояние равно пяти милям; they put the circulation at 60 000 они решили установить тираж в шестьдесят тысяч экземпляров; put the rent at a certain sum of money определять размер квартплаты; I put his income at t 6000 a year я думаю, что его годовой доход составляет шесть тысяч фунтов; he puts the time at about 11 он полагает, что сейчас около одиннадцати [часов]; I should put it at i 50 я бы оценил это в пятьдесят фунтов; I would put her age at not more than sixty я бы не дал ей больше шестидесяти лет || put a price on smth. назначать цену на что-л.; put a price on a painting назначить цену на картину; he put too high a price on the book он очень дорого запросил за книгу; put value on smth. ценить что-л.; I put high value on his friendship я очень высоко ценю его дружбу; what value do you put on his advice? как вы относитесь к его советам?
    16) put smth. on (in, etc.) smth. put one's proposals (one's ideas, one's thoughts, one's impressions, etc.) on paper излагать свои предложения и т.д. в письменной форме /в письменном виде, на бумаге/; put smth. in black and white написать что-л. черным по белому; he put his feelings (his ideas, his fancies, etc.) in (to) words он выразил свои чувства и т.д. словами; can you put that in simpler words? не можете ли вы сказать это попроще?; he wanted to go but couldn't put his wish into words он хотел уйти, но не знал, как сказать об этом; put a question in a clearer light сформулировать вопрос точнее /яснее/; let me put it in another way позвольте мне сказать об этом иначе;put smth. to /before/ smb. put it to him nicely скажите ему об этом деликатно /мягко/; you must your case before the commission вы должны свое дело изложить комиссии; when I put it to him he... a) когда я изложил ему это, он...; б) когда я предложил ему это, он...; put smth. in (to) smth. put smth. in (to) some language переводить что-л. на какой-л. язык; put a poem (a work, a novel, a story, a passage, etc.) into French (into German, into English, etc.) перевести стихотворение и т.д. на французский и т.д. язык; how would you put it in French (in Danish, in English, etc.)? как вы это скажете /как это будет/ по-французски и т.д. ?
    17) put smth. before (to) smth., smb. put a matter before a meeting (before a board, before the court, etc.) поставить вопрос на рассмотрение собрания и т.д.; put this case before a tribunal предложить суду рассмотреть этот вопрос; put a proposal before a committee внести предложение в комиссию; put one's grievances before the management изложить администрации свои претензии; I want to put my proposal before you я хочу, чтобы вы выслушали /обсудили, обдумали/ мое предложение; I shall put your suggestion to the board at the next meeting я сообщу о вашем предложении на следующем собрании правления; put smth. in (to) smth. put the questions in (to) writing пришлите или изложите вопросы в письменной форме
    18) put smth. to smb. put a question to smb. задать кому-л. вопрос; put a riddle to smb. загадать кому-л. загадку
    19) put smth. in (to, on, under, etc.) smth. put the amount in the receipt (in the expenditure, etc.) указать количество в квитанции и т.д.; put this sum to my account запишите эту сумму на мой счет; put words into blanks /into blank spaces/ заполните пропуски; put one's name /one's signature/ under a document (to a will, on the dotted line, etc.) подписывать документ и т.д., ставить свою подпись под документом и т.д.; put one's initials to a document diplom. парафировать документ; put one's seal to a document (to a will, etc.) поставить печать под документом и т.д.; put a mark /а tick/ against smb.'s name поставить галочку против чьей-л. фамилии; put macron over a vowel поставить знак долготы над гласной буквой; put markers on packages пометить тюки
    20) put smth. on smth., smb. put a tax (duties, customs, etc.) on these articles облагать такие предметы налогом и т.д.; put a tax on imports (on luxuries, on cigarettes, etc.) облагать ввозимые товары налогом и т.д.; put heavy dues on cattle обкладывать скот высоким налогом || put a veto on /to/ smth. наложить вето на /запретить/ что-л.; put these customs under taboo запретить эти обычаи
    21) put smth. on the stage put a play ("Othello", etc.) on the stage поставить какую-л. пьесу и т.д. на сцене
    22) put smb. to smb. put a cow to a bull /а bull to a cow/ agric. спаривать корову с быком
    9. XXII
    1) put smth. into doing smth. put energy into finishing a task приложить энергию /усилия/ к завершению работы
    2) put smb. to doing smth. put a boy to shoemaking определить /отдать/ мальчика в учение к сапожнику
    3) put smb. to doing smth. I put her to setting the table я заставил ее накрыть на стол
    10. XXVIII2
    put it to smb. that... I put it to you that you were (not) there at the time (that you were after no good, that you have committed it, that you were a boy at the time, that you knew the signature was forged, etc.) law я заявляю, что вы там были (не были) в то время

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > put

  • 12 relieve

    -v
    1) (to lessen or stop (pain, worry etc): The doctor gave him some drugs to relieve the pain; to relieve the hardship of the refugees.) aliviar
    2) (to take over a job or task from: You guard the door first, and I'll relieve you in two hours.) relevar, sustituir
    3) (to dismiss (a person) from his job or position: He was relieved of his post/duties.) despedir
    4) (to take (something heavy, difficult etc) from someone: May I relieve you of that heavy case?; The new gardener relieved the old man of the burden of cutting the grass.) quitar, librar de (un peso, una carga, i2etc/i2)
    5) (to come to the help of (a town etc which is under siege or attack).) socorrer, auxiliar
    relieve vb aliviar


    relieve sustantivo masculino 1
    a) (Art, Geog) relief;
    letras en relieve embossed letters 2 ( importancia) prominence; dar relieve a algo to lend (special) importance to sth; poner de relieve to highlight
    relieve sustantivo masculino
    1 Geography relief
    2 Arte relief
    en relieve, raised o embossed
    3 (en importancia o valor) prominence, importance Locuciones: poner de relieve, to underline, highlight ' relieve' also found in these entries: Spanish: aliviar - calmar - calmarse - descargar - fricción - quitar - relevar - aligerar - estampar - mitigar - necesidad - terreno English: analyst - embossed - feature - relief - relieve - ease - emboss - emphasize - highlight - scratch - spare
    tr[rɪ'liːv]
    1 (lessen) aliviar
    3 (help) socorrer, ayudar
    4 (lift siege of) liberar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to relieve oneself hacer sus necesidades
    relieve [ri'li:v] vt, - lieved ; - lieving
    1) alleviate: aliviar, mitigar
    to feel relieved: sentirse aliviado
    2) free: liberar, eximir
    to relieve someone of responsibility for: eximir a alguien de la responsabilidad de
    3) replace: relevar (a un centinela, etc.)
    4) break: romper
    to relieve the monotony: romper la monotonía
    v.
    • aligerar v.
    • aliviar v.
    • deducir v.
    • desahogar v.
    • mitigar v.
    • quitar v.
    • relevar v.
    • rescatar v.
    • socorrer v.
    • suprimir v.
    • tranquilizar v.
    rɪ'liːv
    1.
    1) \<\<pain\>\> calmar, aliviar, mitigar* (liter); \<\<anxiety/hardship/suffering\>\> mitigar*, aliviar; \<\<tension\>\> aliviar, relajar; \<\<monotony/uniformity\>\> romper*

    to relieve somebody of his/her duties — relevar a alguien de su cargo

    2) \<\<town/fortress\>\> liberar
    3) \<\<guard/driver\>\> relevar

    2.
    v refl
    [rɪ'liːv]
    VT
    1) (=alleviate) [+ sufferings, pain, headache] aliviar; [+ burden] aligerar; [+ tension, boredom, anxiety] disipar, aliviar
    2) (=ease) [+ person's mind] tranquilizar
    3) [+ feelings, anger] desahogar
    4)

    to relieve o.s. — (=go to lavatory) ir al baño, hacer pis *

    5) (=release)

    to relieve sb of his wallet — hum quitar la cartera a algn, robar la cartera a algn

    6) (Mil) [+ city] descercar, socorrer; [+ troops] relevar
    7)

    to relieve the poor — (=help) socorrer a los pobres

    * * *
    [rɪ'liːv]
    1.
    1) \<\<pain\>\> calmar, aliviar, mitigar* (liter); \<\<anxiety/hardship/suffering\>\> mitigar*, aliviar; \<\<tension\>\> aliviar, relajar; \<\<monotony/uniformity\>\> romper*

    to relieve somebody of his/her duties — relevar a alguien de su cargo

    2) \<\<town/fortress\>\> liberar
    3) \<\<guard/driver\>\> relevar

    2.
    v refl

    English-spanish dictionary > relieve

  • 13 relieve

    [rɪ'liːv]
    1) (alleviate) alleviare, attenuare [pain, tension]; scacciare, ingannare [ boredom]; ridurre [poverty, famine]; alleggerire [ debt]; rompere [ monotony]

    to relieve congestion — med. aut. decongestionare

    to relieve sb. of — togliere a qcn. [plate, coat]; alleggerire qcn. di [ burden]

    to relieve sb. of a post — sollevare qcn. da un incarico

    3) (help) venire in aiuto di, soccorrere [troops, population]
    4) (take over from) dare il cambio a, rilevare [worker, sentry]
    5) mil. liberare dall'assedio [ town]
    * * *
    [-v]
    1) (to lessen or stop (pain, worry etc): The doctor gave him some drugs to relieve the pain; to relieve the hardship of the refugees.) alleviare
    2) (to take over a job or task from: You guard the door first, and I'll relieve you in two hours.) sostituire
    3) (to dismiss (a person) from his job or position: He was relieved of his post/duties.) sollevare, rimuovere
    4) (to take (something heavy, difficult etc) from someone: May I relieve you of that heavy case?; The new gardener relieved the old man of the burden of cutting the grass.) alleggerire
    5) (to come to the help of (a town etc which is under siege or attack).) liberare, soccorrere
    * * *
    [rɪ'liːv]
    1) (alleviate) alleviare, attenuare [pain, tension]; scacciare, ingannare [ boredom]; ridurre [poverty, famine]; alleggerire [ debt]; rompere [ monotony]

    to relieve congestion — med. aut. decongestionare

    to relieve sb. of — togliere a qcn. [plate, coat]; alleggerire qcn. di [ burden]

    to relieve sb. of a post — sollevare qcn. da un incarico

    3) (help) venire in aiuto di, soccorrere [troops, population]
    4) (take over from) dare il cambio a, rilevare [worker, sentry]
    5) mil. liberare dall'assedio [ town]

    English-Italian dictionary > relieve

  • 14 catch

    1. I
    1) the lock (the bolt, etc.) -es замок и т. д. защелкивается; the lock won't catch замок никак не запирается
    2) the pond (the lake, the river, the brook, etc.) -es пруд и т. д. затягивается /покрывается/ льдом
    3) this match will not catch эта спичка не загорится
    2. II
    1) catch in same manner the bolt doesn't catch properly задвижка плохо держит
    2) catch somewhere the lock -es somewhere замок где-то заедает
    3) catch in some manner straw (paper, dry wood, etc.) -es easily солома и т. д. легко загорается /воспламеняется/
    3. III
    1) catch with. catch a ball (a cigarette, a mouse, a fly, an animal, fish, a bird, etc.) ловить /поймать/ мяч и т. д.; here catch this! вот, ловите!; catch the post успеть опустить /отправить/ письмо до выемки корреспонденции; catch smb. you'll catch him if you hurry если вы поторопитесь, вы нагоните его; I caught him just as he was going out я застал / поймал/ его, когда он уже выходил
    2) catch smth. catch the горе (smb.'s coat, smb.'s arm, etc.) ухватиться за веревку и т. д.; catch an opportunity воспользоваться случаем, ухватиться за представившуюся возможность
    3) catch smth. catch the bus (the
    5)
    15 plane, the last tram, etc.) успеть на /не пропустить/ автобус и т. д; catch the train успеть / не опоздать/ на поезд; catch a strange sound (a rustle, a heavy thud, a distant barking, a faint whistle, etc.) услышать /уловить/ странный звук и т. д.; а heavy thud (a faint whistle, etc.) caught his ear до него /до его слуха/ донесся тяжелый стук и т. д.', catch the smell (a faint odour, the aroma, etc.) of smoke (of burning leaves, of coffee, etc.) почувствовать /уловить/ запах дыма и т. д., catch wind of scandal (of trouble, etc.) почуять скандал и т. д.; catch smb.'s eye /the eye, smb.'s attention/ привлекать внимание, бросаться в глаза; the book in the window caught my eye [эта] книга в витрине привлекла мое внимание; catch a likeness схватить /уловить, подметить, увидеть/ сходство; catch an idea (the drift of an argument, etc.) понимать /улавливать/ мысль и т. д; do you catch my meaning? вы понимаете, что я хочу сказать?, вы меня понимаете?; catch smb.'s fancy поразить чье-л. воображение, понравиться кому-л.
    4) catch smth. catch a disease (the flu, measles, etc.) заразиться болезнью и т. д., подхватить болезнь и т. д; catch (а) cold /а chill/ простудиться, схватить простуду; catch one's death of a cold ужасно простудиться; catch enthusiasm заразиться [общим] энтузиазмом, поддаться [общему] воодушевлению; catch fire загореться, воспламениться; catch an accent перенять акцент /выговор/; catch a habit приобрести привычку
    5) catch smth. catch his name (smb.'s answer, smb.'s parting remark, etc.) расслышать /разобрать/ его имя и т. д.
    6) catch smb. catch a criminal (a thief, a spy, the fugitive, etc.) поймать /схватить, задержать/ преступника и т. д.
    4. IV
    catch smth. somehow
    1) catch his arm (the rope, the edge of the boat, etc.) instinctively (convulsively, impulsively, passionately, etc.) инстинктивно и т. д. схватиться /ухватиться/ за его руку и т. д.
    2) || catch smb. off [his] guard застать кого-л. врасплох
    5. V
    catch smb. smth. coll. catch smb. a blow on the nose (a smack on the mouth, a slap on the cheek, etc.) стукнуть кого-л. по носу, дать /"заехать", "съездить"/ кому-л. по носу; catch smb. one in the eye подставить кому-л. фонарь под глазом
    6. VIII
    catch smb. doing smth. catch her eavesdropping (her smiling, the boy stealing flowers from the garden, the old woman hiding smth., etc.) застать /поймать/ ее на том, что она подслушивает и т. д.; catch oneself thinking about smth. ловить себя на какой-л. мысли || catch smb. napping заставать кого-л. врасплох
    7. XI
    be (get) caught in smth. a rat (a fox, an hare, etc.) was (got) caught in a trap (in a snare) крыса и т. д. попалась в крысоловку и т. д; we were caught in the rain (in a shower, etc.) мы попали под дождь и т. д; we were caught in the snowstorm нас застигла метель; the boat was caught in the reeds лодка застряла в камышах; he was caught in the turmoil он был вовлечен в водоворот событий; he was caught in a lie ой был уличен во лжи; be caught by smth. he was caught by the camera он попал в объектов фотоаппарата; be (get) caught under smth. he got (was) caught under a truck (under a train, under a car, etc.) он попал под грузовик и т. д. || be (get) caught between two fires оказаться меж двух огней; be caught doing smth. the boy was caught cheating мальчишку уличили в мошенничестве; be caught in some state he was caught red-handed его застали с поличным
    8. XVI
    1) catch at smth. catch at the rope (at the rail, at the boat, at the opportunity, at the idea, at a hope, etc.) ухватиться за канат и т. д. id catch at a straw хвататься за соломинку
    2) catch in smth. catch in the wheel (in the chain of a bicycle, in the machinery, in the snare, etc.) попасть в колесо и т. д.',catch in the ropes (in the grass, in a bog, etc.) застрять /запутаться/ в канатах и т. д.; my finger caught in the door я защемил палец в дверях, мне, прищемило палец дверью; the dog's paw caught in the trap собака попала лапой в капкан; catch on smth. catch on a nail (on a thorn, etc.) зацепиться за гвоздь и т. д. catch on a root (on a stone, etc.) споткнуться о /зацепиться за/ корень и т. д.
    9. XXI1
    1) catch smb. by smth. catch smb. by the arm (by the collar, by the sleeve, by the button, by the scruff of the neck, etc.) поймать /схватить/ кого-л. за (руку и т. д., catch smb. by a trick поймать /схватить, задержать/ кого-л. с помощью хитрости; catch smb. in smth. catch bird in a net (a fox in a snare, etc.) поймать птичку в сети и т. д., catch hold of smth. ухватиться за что-л.; catch hold of the rope (of smb.'s arm, of the man, etc.) схватить веревку и т. д; catch sight of smb., smth. заметить кого-л., что-л.; catch sight of a ship заметить /увидеть/ корабль; catch smb.'s eye поймать / перехватить/ чей-л. взгляд
    2) catch smth. in smth. catch one's frock in the door, one's coat in the window, etc.) прищемить /защемить/ платье дверью и т.д., catch one's fingers in the machine (one's foot in a trap, etc.) попасть пальцами в машину и т. д catch smth. on smth. catch one's frock on a nail (one's sleeve on a thorn, etc.) зацепиться платьем за гвоздь и т. д.
    3) catch smth. from smb. catch a cold (measles, scarlet fever, etc.) from them заразиться от них насморком и т. д.; catch a habit from him перенять у него привычку
    4) catch smb. at /in/ smth. catch smb. at it (in a lie, in the act, in the act of stealing, etc.) застать /поймать/ кого-л. на этом /с поличным/ и т. д.
    5) catch smb. in (on) smth. сoll. catch smb. on the head (on the cheek, in the chest, etc.) стукнуть кого-л. по голове и т. д., дать /"съездить"/ кому-л. по голове и т. д.
    6) catch smb., smth. (in)to smth. catch the child (the girl, the doll, etc.) to one's breast прижать ребенка и т. д. к груди; catch the baby (the little boy, etc.) in one's arms подхватить /обнять/ ребенка и т. д.
    10. XXV
    catch what... catch what smb. says расслышать /разобрать/ [то], что кто-л. говорит

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > catch

  • 15 relieve

    -v
    1) (to lessen or stop (pain, worry etc): The doctor gave him some drugs to relieve the pain; to relieve the hardship of the refugees.) lindre, mildne, lette
    2) (to take over a job or task from: You guard the door first, and I'll relieve you in two hours.) avløse
    3) (to dismiss (a person) from his job or position: He was relieved of his post/duties.) bli fritatt for tjeneste
    4) (to take (something heavy, difficult etc) from someone: May I relieve you of that heavy case?; The new gardener relieved the old man of the burden of cutting the grass.) avhjelpe, unnsette, avlaste
    5) (to come to the help of (a town etc which is under siege or attack).) komme til unnsetning
    berge
    --------
    frelse
    --------
    redde
    --------
    understøtte
    verb \/rɪˈliːv\/
    1) lette, lindre, mildne
    2) gi understøttelse\/stønad, bøte på, bistå
    3) avløse
    4) befri, komme til unnsetning for, hjelpe
    5) gi avveksling fra
    6) ( foreldet) fremheve, la fremstå i relieff, la avtegne seg
    7) ( mekanikk) forsyne med fri(gangs)vinkel, forsyne med klaringsvinkel
    be heartily relieved være så inderlig lettet
    relieved against i relieff mot, skarpt avtegnet mot, i kontrast til
    relieve one's conscience lette samvittigheten sin
    relieve oneself gjøre sitt fornødne
    relieve one's feelings lufte sine følelser, gi utløp for sine følelser, avreagere
    relieve someone of something hjelpe noen (av) med noe
    ( hverdagslig) stjele noe fra noen
    befri\/frita\/løse noen fra noe

    English-Norwegian dictionary > relieve

  • 16 relieve

    [rɪ'liːv]
    vt
    pain, fear łagodzić (złagodzić perf), uśmierzać (uśmierzyć perf); colleague, guard zmieniać (zmienić perf), zluzowywać (zluzować perf) (inf)

    to relieve sb of — ( load) uwalniać (uwolnić perf) kogoś od +gen; (duties, post) zwalniać (zwolnić perf) kogoś z +gen

    to relieve o.s. — załatwiać się (załatwić się perf) (inf)

    * * *
    [-v]
    1) (to lessen or stop (pain, worry etc): The doctor gave him some drugs to relieve the pain; to relieve the hardship of the refugees.) ulżyć
    2) (to take over a job or task from: You guard the door first, and I'll relieve you in two hours.) zmienić, zluzować
    3) (to dismiss (a person) from his job or position: He was relieved of his post/duties.) zwolnić
    4) (to take (something heavy, difficult etc) from someone: May I relieve you of that heavy case?; The new gardener relieved the old man of the burden of cutting the grass.) uwolnić
    5) (to come to the help of (a town etc which is under siege or attack).) przyjść z odsieczą, odbić

    English-Polish dictionary > relieve

  • 17 put

    I
    1. [pʋt] n
    1. 1) бросок камня или тяжести с плеча
    2) спорт. толкание
    2. бирж. опцион на продажу, обратная премия, сделка с обратной премией

    put and call - ком. двойной опцион, стеллаж

    to give [to take] for the put - продать [купить] обратную премию

    3. диал. толчок, удар
    2. [pʋt] v (put)
    I
    1. класть, ставить; положить, поставить

    to put books on a shelf - положить /поставить/ книги на полку

    to put a thing in its right place - положить /поставить/ вещь на место

    to put a child to bed - уложить ребёнка в постель; уложить ребёнка спать

    don't put the basket on the table, put it on the floor - не ставь корзину на стол, поставь её на пол

    2. (in, into) вкладывать, вставлять, класть; убирать

    to put papers in the drawer [in the file] - убрать /положить/ бумаги /документы/ в ящик стола [в досье /в папку/]

    he put his hands into his pockets - он засунул руки в карманы [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    3. (обыкн. in, into) прибавлять, подмешивать, всыпать

    to put poison in smth. - подмешать яду во что-л.

    he put many spices into the dish - он приправил кушанье разными пряностями

    4. 1) ставить; помещать, размещать

    to put names in alphabetical order - расположить фамилии в алфавитном порядке

    to put difficulties in the way - ставить /чинить/ препятствия на пути

    he puts Keats above Byron as a poet - он ставит Китса как поэта выше Байрона

    2) отдавать, передавать; помещать

    to put smb. under smb.'s care - поручить кого-л. кому-л. /чьим-л. заботам/; отдать кого-л. на чьё-л. попечение

    to put oneself into smb.'s hands - отдать себя в чьи-л. руки

    will you put the matter into my hands? - вы доверите /поручите/ мне это дело?

    3) ставить, назначать (на какую-л. должность, работу)

    to put smb. in charge /at the head/ of smth. - поставить кого-л. во главе чего-л.

    put him to mind the furnace - поставь /назначь/ его следить за топкой

    he is put to every kind of work - он привык /привычен/ ко всякой работе

    they put over him a man six years younger than himself - они поставили над ним человека на шесть лет моложе (него)

    I put myself to winning back their confidence - я пытался /старался/ вновь завоевать их доверие

    4) устраивать, определять; помещать

    to put smb. in hospital - положить /поместить/ кого-л. в больницу

    to put smb. in prison - посадить кого-л. в тюрьму

    we shall put him in the spare room - мы поместим его /постелем ему/ в свободной комнате

    5) поставить, сделать постановку
    5. вносить, включать (тж. put down)

    to put into the field - спорт. включить в число участников соревнования

    put £10 to my account - запишите десять фунтов стерлингов на мой счёт

    6. (to) приложить; поднести; приблизить; пододвинуть

    he put a flower against /to/ her hair - он приложил цветок к её волосам

    7. (to) приделать, приладить, приспособить
    8. с.-х. (to) случать
    9. мор. плыть; отправляться; брать курс

    to put into port [harbour] - заходить в порт [в гавань]

    10. амер. разг. убегать, удирать
    11. диал. пускать ростки; давать почки
    12. диал.
    1) бодать
    2) бодаться
    II А
    1. 1) излагать, выражать, формулировать (мысли, замечания и т. п.)

    to put one's proposal on paper - изложить своё предложение в письменной форме

    to put the arguments for and against - привести /изложить/ доводы за и против

    to put it mildly [frankly, bluntly] - мягко [откровенно, попросту] говоря

    to put it otherwise - иначе говоря, иными словами

    I don't know how to put it - разг. я не знаю, как (это) сказать

    as Horace puts it - как говорит /пишет/ Гораций

    you put things in such a way that - вы преподносите всё это таким образом /в таком свете/, что

    put it to him nicely - скажите ему об этом деликатно /мягко/

    I put the matter clearly to /before/ him - я ясно изложил ему суть дела

    a good story well put - интересный, хорошо преподнесённый рассказ

    2) переводить ( на другой язык)

    put it into French [into German] - переведите это на французский [на немецкий] (язык)

    how would you put it in French? - как вы это скажете /как это будет/ по-французски?

    3) класть ( на музыку)
    2. 1) задавать, ставить ( вопрос)

    he put so many questions that I couldn't answer them all - он задал столько вопросов, что я не смог на все ответить

    2) выдвигать ( предложение); предлагать ( резолюцию); ставить (вопрос, предложение и т. п.) на обсуждение

    to put a matter before a tribunal - представить вопрос на рассмотрение трибунала

    I want to put my proposal before you - я хочу, чтобы вы выслушали /обсудили, обдумали/ моё предложение

    I shall put your proposal to the Board - я доведу ваше предложение до сведения совета директоров, я доложу ваше предложение на совете директоров

    3) высказывать ( предположение)

    I put it to you that (you were there) - я говорю вам, что (вы там были)

    he put it to them that... - он сказал /заявил/ им, что...

    put it that you are right - допустим /предложим/, вы правы

    3. ставить (знак, метку, подпись)

    to put one's name /one's signature/ [one's initials] to a document - подписывать [парафировать] документ

    put a mark /a tick/ against his name - поставьте галочку против его фамилии

    4. 1) вложить, поместить, внести ( деньги)
    2) ставить деньги, делать ставки (на бегах и т. п.)
    5. назначать ( цену); определять (стоимость, ценность); оценивать что-л. или кого-л.; исчислять

    to put value on smth. - оценить что-л.

    to put a price on a painting - назначить цену за картину, оценить картину

    to put the population at 15,000 - определить численность населения в пятнадцать тысяч человек

    I should put it at £5 - я бы оценил это в пять фунтов

    I put his income at $6000 a year - я определяю его годовой доход в 6000 долларов

    6. облагать ( налогом)
    7. (on, upon)
    1) накладывать (обязательства и т. п.)

    to put a veto on smth. - наложить вето /запрет/ на что-л., запретить что-л.

    the obligation he had put upon us - обязательства, которые он на нас возложил

    2) возлагать (надежды и т. п.)

    to put one's hopes (up)on smb., smth. - возлагать надежды на кого-л.; что-л.

    3) переложить, свалить (вину, ответственность)

    to put the blame on smb. - возложить на кого-л. вину

    he always tries to put the blame on me - он всегда старается свалить вину на меня

    8. вонзать (нож и т. п.); посылать (пулю, снаряд и т. п.)

    to put a knife into smb. - всадить нож в кого-л.; зарезать кого-л.

    to put a bullet through smb. - застрелить кого-л.

    9. (on) основывать, базировать (решение, вывод)

    I put my decision on the grounds stated - я основываю своё решение на вышеуказанных мотивах

    10. приводить (в определённое положение, состояние и т. п.)

    to put a stop to /разг. a stopper on/ smth. - прекратить что-л.

    to put an end /a period/ to smth. - положить конец чему-л., покончить с чем-л.

    to put right - а) исправить, починить; б) вывести из заблуждения, направить на правильный путь

    to put smb. right with smb. - оправдать кого-л. в чьих-л. глазах

    11. спорт. толкать ( ядро)
    12. засеивать, засаживать (какой-л. культурой)

    the land was put (in)to /under/ wheat - земля была засеяна пшеницей

    13. впрягать ( животное)
    14. горн. подкатывать ( вагонетки)
    II Б
    1. to put smb. against smb. настраивать кого-л. против кого-л.; натравливать кого-л. на кого-л.
    2. to put smb. out of smth. выгонять кого-л. откуда-л.; удалять, устранять кого-л. откуда-л.

    to put smb. out of doors - выгнать кого-л. за дверь

    to put smb. out of the way - устранить /убрать/ кого-л. с дороги (убить, заключить в тюрьму и т. п.)

    to put smb. out of harm's way - оберегать кого-л. от опасности; увезти кого-л. подальше от дурного влияния и т. п. [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    to put smb. out of court - юр. а) удалить кого-л. из зала суда; б) опровергнуть чьи-л. показания; в) лишить кого-л. права на иск

    3. 1) to put smb. to /on/ smth. побуждать кого-л. к каким-л. действиям, заставлять кого-л. делать что-л.

    to put smb. to flight - обращать кого-л. в бегство

    to put smb. to silence - заставить кого-л. замолчать

    to put smb. to sleep - а) усыплять кого-л.; б) укачивать /убаюкивать/ кого-л.

    to put smb. to expense - вводить кого-л. в расход

    to put smb. to his trumps - карт. заставить кого-л. козырять [см. тж. ♢ ]

    what has put him on meddling? - зачем он полез не в своё дело?

    2) to put smb., smth. to smth. подвергать кого-л., что-л. чему-л.

    to put smth., smb. to the test - подвергать что-л., кого-л. испытанию; проверять что-л., кого-л.

    to put smb. to inconvenience - причинять кому-л. неудобство

    to put smb. to trouble - причинять кому-л. беспокойство

    to put smb. to trial - возбуждать против кого-л. дело в суде; предать кого-л. суду

    to put smb. to hard labour - приговорить кого-л. к каторжным работам

    to put smb. to torture - пытать кого-л., подвергать кого-л. пыткам

    to put smb. to death - казнить кого-л.

    4. to put smb. through smth. заставить кого-л. пройти через что-л.; подвергнуть кого-л. чему-л.

    to put smb. through a cross-examination - подвергнуть кого-л. перекрёстному допросу, устроить кому-л. перекрёстный допрос

    5. 1) to put smb. in(to) a state, in á condition приводить кого-л. в какое-л. состояние, ставить кого-л. в какое-л. положение

    to put smb. into a rage - привести кого-л. в ярость

    to put smb. into a fright - напугать /перепугать/ кого-л.

    to put smb. into a state of anxiety - разволновать кого-л., привести кого-л. в волнение

    to put smb. in a good humour - привести кого-л. в хорошее настроение /в хорошее расположение духа/

    to put smb. in doubt - привести кого-л. в сомнение

    to put smb. into a flutter - привести кого-л. в волнение, взбудоражить кого-л.

    to put smb. in an unpleasant position - поставить кого-л. в неприятное положение

    to put smb. in a hole - разг. поставить кого-л. в затруднительное /в неловкое/ положение

    2) to put smb. out of á state, out of á condition выводить кого-л. из какого-л. состояния или положения

    to put smb. out of temper - вывести кого-л. из себя

    to put smb. out of countenance - привести кого-л. в замешательство, смутить кого-л.

    to put smb. out of breath - заставить кого-л. запыхаться

    to put smb. out of heart - привести кого-л. в уныние; обескуражить кого-л.

    to put smb. out of business - разорить, погубить кого-л.

    to put smb. out of count - сбить кого-л. со счёта

    to put smb. out of misery - положить конец чьим-л. страданиям /мучениям/, убить кого-л. из милосердия

    to put smb. out of suspense - а) избавить кого-л. от сомнений; б) успокоить чьи-л. волнения

    6. 1) to put smth. in(to) a state приводить что-л. в какое-л. состояние

    to put smth. into operation - ввести в строй /в эксплуатацию/

    to put smth. into gear - тех. вводить что-л. в зацепление

    to put smth. into service - а) ввести что-л. в эксплуатацию; б) принять что-л. на вооружение

    2) to put smth. out of á state выводить что-л. из какого-л. состояния
    7. 1) to put smth. in motion /in(to) action/ приводить что-л. в движение, в действие, пускать что-л. в ход

    the heavy parliamentary machine was put in motion - тяжёлая парламентская машина пришла в движение /была запущена/

    to put (smth.) in(to) action - а) приводить (что-л.) в действие; б) воен. вводить (войска, части) в бой

    2) to put smth. in(to) practice /in(to) force, into life/ вводить что-л. в силу; осуществлять что-л.

    to put smth. in(to) practice - осуществлять что-л., проводить что-л. в жизнь

    to put smth. in force - вводить что-л. в действие, проводить что-л. в жизнь

    to put the law in force - вводить в действие /проводить в жизнь/ закон

    the law was put in force on January 1st - закон вступил в силу 1-го января

    8. 1) to put smth. in order /into shape/ приводить что-л. в порядок

    to put a room in order - привести комнату в порядок; прибрать в комнате

    I want to put my report into shape - я хочу привести в порядок /отредактировать/ свой доклад

    2) to put smb. in(to) shape привести кого-л. в (отличную) форму
    9. to put smth. down to smth., smb. приписывать что-л. чему-л., кому-л.

    to put down smb.'s action to shyness - объяснять чей-л. поступок застенчивостью

    to put the accident down to negligence - объяснить несчастный случай халатностью

    to put it down to inexperience - отнести это на счёт неопытности, объяснить это неопытностью

    put the mistake down to me - считайте, что ошибка произошла по моей вине

    10. to put smb. down for /as/ smb. считать кого-л. кем-л.; принимать кого-л. за кого-л. другого

    I put him down for /as/ a fool - я считаю его дураком

    11. to put smb. up to smth.
    1) инструктировать кого-л. в отношении чего-л.; информировать кого-л. о чём-л.

    to put smb. up to the ways of the place - знакомить кого-л. с местными обычаями

    will you put the new clerk up to his duties? - проинструктируйте нового клерка относительно его обязанностей

    he put me up to one or two things worth knowing - он рассказал мне о некоторых вещах, которые стоит знать

    2) побуждать, подстрекать кого-л. к чему-л.

    to put smb. up to (commit) a crime - толкать кого-л. на преступление

    who put you up to it? - кто тебя подбил на это /подговорил сделать это/?

    12. разг. to put smb. on to smth.
    1) сказать кому-л. о чём-л., подсказать кому-л. что-л.

    who put you on to that? - кто тебе об этом сказал? [см. тж. 2)]

    what put you on to that? - что навело тебя на эту мысль?

    2) подучить, подговорить кого-л. сделать что-л.

    who put you on to that? - кто тебя подбил на это? [см. тж. 1)]

    13. to put smb. on to smb. разг.
    1) рекомендовать кому-л. кого-л.

    he put me on to a good lawyer - он рекомендовал /посоветовал/ мне хорошего адвоката [см. тж. 2)]

    2) связывать кого-л. с кем-л.

    he put me on to a good lawyer - он связал меня с хорошим адвокатом /дал мне хорошего адвоката/ [см. тж. 1)]

    14. to put smb. off smth.
    1) отговаривать кого-л. от чего-л.

    I shall try to put him off this plan - я постараюсь отговорить его от (выполнения) этого плана

    2) отвращать кого-л. от чего-л.

    to put smb. off his appetite - отбить у кого-л. аппетит

    ♢

    to put money to good use - тратить /расходовать/ деньги с пользой

    to put right - а) исправить, починить; б) вывести из заблуждения, направить на правильный путь

    to put to rights - привести в порядок; упорядочить

    to put smb. in the right way - наставить кого-л. на путь истинный

    to put smb. right with smb. - оправдать кого-л. в чьих-л. глазах

    to put smb. in the wrong - свалить вину на кого-л.

    to put smb. in mind of smth., smb. - напоминать кому-л. что-л. /о чём-л./, кого-л. /о ком-л./

    to put one's mind /one's brain/ to (on) a problem - начать /стать/ думать над (раз)решением вопроса

    to put heads together - совещаться; вырабатывать совместный план

    to put smb.'s back up - рассердить /вывести из себя/ кого-л.

    to put a good face on it - сделать вид, что ничего не случилось

    to put a finger on the right spot - попасть в точку; понять суть дела

    to put one's finger on - обнаруживать, раскрывать, распознавать

    to put the finger on smb. - сообщить сведения о ком-л. ( в полицию); донести на кого-л.

    to put one's hand in(to) one's pocket - тратить деньги, раскошеливаться

    to put one's hands in one's pockets - предоставить другим действовать; ≅ умыть руки [ср. тж. I 2]

    to put one's hand to smth. /to the plough/ - браться за что-л.; взяться за дело

    to put one's shoulder to the wheel - энергично взяться за дело, приналечь

    to put one's foot in /into/ it - сплоховать; ≅ попасть впросак, «влопаться»

    to put on blinders and earmuffs - закрыть глаза и уши, не желать ничего видеть и слышать

    to put pen to paper - начать писать, взяться за перо

    to put in one's oar, to put one's oar into smb.'s boat - вмешиваться в чужие дела

    to put a spoke in smb.'s wheel, to put grit in the machine - ≅ вставлять палки в колёса

    to put all one's eggs in one basket - а) рисковать всем, поставить всё на карту; б) целиком отдаться чувству

    to put to the sword - предать мечу, убить на войне

    to put smth. down the drain - ≅ выкинуть что-л. (на помойку)

    to put smb. to his trumps - довести кого-л. до крайности [см. тж. II Б 3, 1)]

    to put smb. wise to /about, of/ smth. - амер. ознакомить кого-л. с чем-л.; открыть кому-л. глаза на что-л.

    to put smb. in the picture - уведомлять /информировать/ кого-л.; ввести кого-л. в курс дела

    to put smb. in his place - поставить кого-л. на место, осадить кого-л.

    to put spurs to - а) пришпоривать ( лошадь); б) подгонять (кого-л.); ускорять (что-л.)

    to put new life into smb., smth. - вдохнуть новую жизнь в кого-л., во что-л.

    to put one's name to - поддерживать, оказывать поддержку

    to put smth. out of harm's way - прятать что-л. от греха подальше [ср. тж. II Б 2]

    to put smb. on his guard - предостеречь кого-л.

    to put smb. off his guard - усыплять чью-л. бдительность

    to put smb. at his ease - избавить кого-л. от смущения; успокоить кого-л.

    to put the wind up smb. - запугивать кого-л., нагонять страх на кого-л.

    that's put the lid on it! - ну всё!, конец!, с этим покончено!

    to put paid to - а) поставить штамп «уплачено»; б) уничтожить, ликвидировать; to put paid to mosquitoes - истребить москитов; в) положить конец (чему-л.); поставить крест (на чём-л.)

    to put a nail in smb.'s coffin - сл. а) ускорить чью-л. гибель; б) злословить о ком-л.

    to put the squeak in - сл. стать доносчиком

    to put it up to smb. - амер. переложить ответственность на кого-л.

    to put the bee /the bite/ on - требовать денег взаймы

    to put the law on smb. - амер. подать на кого-л. в суд

    to stay put - амер. сл. не рыпаться

    to put on the scent - а) охот. пустить по следу ( собаку); б) указать правильный путь (кому-л.)

    to put smb. on his honour - связать кого-л. словом

    to put smb. on his mettle см. mettle ♢

    to put up a yarn - сочинить историю, пустить «утку»

    not to put too fine a point upon it - говоря попросту; не вдаваясь в подробности

    put your hand no further than your sleeve will reach - посл. ≅ по одёжке протягивай ножки

    II
    1. [pʌt] = putt I и II
    2. [pʌt] = putt I и II

    НБАРС > put

  • 18 Guarda Nacional Republicana

    (GNR)
       The Republican National Guard is Portugal's national highway and traffic police, and forms its rural and urban constabulary. A paramilitary force, it was established in 1911, under the First Republic, to protect the novice regime in the capital and other main cities. While it was recruited from the career army officer corps and noncommissioned ranks, the GNR was based on a historic precedent (the monarchy had a life guard with similar functions) and a political necessity (the need to be a deterrent and bulwark against threatening army insurrections) during a time of political instability. With increasingly heavy weaponry, a much enlarged GNR became a source of controversy as the First Republic ended and the military dictatorship was established (1926-33) and grew into the Estado Novo. The Estado Novo eventually reduced its strength, but maintained it as a reserve force that might confront a potentially unreliable army in the capital and main cities and towns. Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the GNR has been used as a kind of state police. Its personnel can be seen in their distinctive uniforms, dealing with highway safety, traffic, the drug problem, and serious crimes. While the main headquarters is at Carmo barracks (Carmo Square), Lisbon, where Prime Minister Marcello Caetano surrendered to the Armed Forces Movement on 25 April 25 1974, GNR detachments are found all over the country.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Guarda Nacional Republicana

  • 19 relieve

    [-v]
    1) (to lessen or stop (pain, worry etc): The doctor gave him some drugs to relieve the pain; to relieve the hardship of the refugees.) lina, létta, draga úr
    2) (to take over a job or task from: You guard the door first, and I'll relieve you in two hours.) leysa af
    3) (to dismiss (a person) from his job or position: He was relieved of his post/duties.) leysa frá störfum
    4) (to take (something heavy, difficult etc) from someone: May I relieve you of that heavy case?; The new gardener relieved the old man of the burden of cutting the grass.) losa við/undan
    5) (to come to the help of (a town etc which is under siege or attack).) aðstoða, liðsinna

    English-Icelandic dictionary > relieve

  • 20 relieve

    tehermentesít, felvált (őrséget), könnyít, kiemel
    * * *
    [-v]
    1) (to lessen or stop (pain, worry etc): The doctor gave him some drugs to relieve the pain; to relieve the hardship of the refugees.) enyhít
    2) (to take over a job or task from: You guard the door first, and I'll relieve you in two hours.) felvált
    3) (to dismiss (a person) from his job or position: He was relieved of his post/duties.) felment
    4) (to take (something heavy, difficult etc) from someone: May I relieve you of that heavy case?; The new gardener relieved the old man of the burden of cutting the grass.) levesz vkiről (terhet)
    5) (to come to the help of (a town etc which is under siege or attack).) megszabadít

    English-Hungarian dictionary > relieve

Страницы
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